Mechanical Exfoliation of Reduced Graphene Oxide From Old Coconut Shell as Radar Absorber in X-Band

Kurniawan, Affandi Faisal; Anwar, Mohammad Syaiful; Nadiyyah, Khoirotun; Mashuri,; Triwikantoro, T.; Darminto, Darminto

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.966.25

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Activated carbon is a dielectric material (Shkal, et al, 2017), so the microwave absorption mechanism in activated carbon is polarization caused by the interaction of the electric field of the incoming wave with the electric dipole (activated carbon). The existence of this electric dipole is due to the difference in electronegativity, thus forming a covalent bond (Kurniawan, A.F., et al, 2019). In addition, based on the FTIR results, this composite has C=C and C-C group bonds.…”

Section: Analysis Of Vector Network Analyzermentioning

confidence: 94%

Analysis of Activated Carbon (Petung Bamboo)/Latex Composite as X-Band Wave-Absorbing Material

Nadiyyah,

Hardiyanto,

Aprilia

et al. 2023

JoP

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In maintaining the sovereignty of a country, especially in border regions was needed defense tools that had the latest technology, such as stealth technology. Stealth technology was applied to military ships or aircraft so that they could not be detected by Radio Detection and Ranging. Stealth technology in this research was realized by coating the ship's or aircraft's body using RAM (Radar Absorbing Material). RAM could be composed of dielectric materials, such as activated carbon. The activated carbon was synthesized from Dendrocalamus Asper. This research aimed to analyze the proper of composition the composite and thickness of the RAM for the X-band wave range. The methods were carbonization, activation by KOH and HCl solutions, and characterization. The characterizations were by XRD, FTIR, and SEM to identify the active carbon phase, and VNA to determine the value of reflection loss. The variations in this research were composite composition (7:3, 9:1) and thickness (1mm, 3mm). And obtained that it has been formed a composite of activated carbon of petung bamboo and latex of rubber tree, which is indicated by the formation of two broad peaks in the diffraction pattern, the presence of band groups C=C, C-C, C-H, C-O, O-H, and morphology with a porous structure. In addition, the highest reflection loss is obtained for the 9:1 composite and thickness of 3 mm, which reached -17.25 dB at a frequency of 9.32 GHz.

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Section: Analysis Of Vector Network Analyzermentioning

confidence: 94%

Analysis of Activated Carbon (Petung Bamboo)/Latex Composite as X-Band Wave-Absorbing Material

Nadiyyah,

Hardiyanto,

Aprilia

et al. 2023

JoP

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“…This powder was then put into a container for carbonization. The installation process used a furnace with a holding time of 5 h at a temperature of 400 ℃ [18].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The samples of the charcoal powder that were obtained from an old coconut shell by burning it in a free-air environment were characterized using a PANalytical XRD with a range of 2θ intervals up to 60 ° to identify the phases formed. The XRD pattern in Figure 2 shows two broad diffraction peaks centering at ~ 23 and ~ 44 °, which characterizes a compound close to the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [18]. Characterization using CHONS and XRF was performed to analyze the elemental content of the powder.…”

Section: Structural Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The graphenic compound prepared through chemical and mechanical exfoliation contains a large amount of oxygen and residual group defect [19,22-2-5]. The FTIR characterization showed that the sample contains the main molecular bonds of a hexagonal (honeycomb) structure, such as C−C and C=C bonds, and other bonds (as impurities/defects), such as C−H, C−O, C=O and O−H, confirming that the sample is close to the rGO-like structure [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The presence of these "impurity" bonds can be considered a source of electric dipoles.…”

Section: Structural Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the formation of a magnetic moment is also possible, owing to heating at 400 ℃ to create a number of dangling bonds with unpaired electrons [26]. The electric dipole, along with the magnetic moment, is responsive to electromagnetic waves to induce absorption or RL [18,19,26].…”

Section: Structural Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Thickness Optimization of Graphenic-Based Carbon Material as a Microwave Absorber

et al. 2022

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The purpose of this study is to optimize the thickness of a layered graphenic-based carbon compound, which is a non-magnetic material derived from biomass (old coconut shell). After the sample was exfoliated using HCl solution, the morphological structure showed that the material used in this study is a reduced graphene oxide (rGO), similar to carbon but with a thickness of less than 10 nm and lateral size in submicron (100 nm). The sample with a 2 mm thickness was then characterized using a vector network analyzer (VNA) to measure its reflection loss (RL). The measurement result is evaluated by converting the S-parameter values (S11 and S21) from the VNA using the Nicolsson Ross Weir (NRW) method to obtain input variables such as relative complex permeability and relative complex permittivity. Following this, the single-layer thickness of the sample was optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA), which can predict the appropriate thickness so that the optimum RL can be obtained. The optimum thickness of the sample was found to be 3.48 mm, which resulted in a much higher RL. The RL was re-measured for verification using a sample with the corresponding optimized thickness, revealing that this optimization is feasibly operational for a radar absorbing material (RAM) design. HIGHLIGHTS Carbon compounds containing graphenic phase derived from coconut shell are functional materials having various unique properties such as superior electrical conductivity, large surface area, and excellent structural flexibility, and microwave absorbtion The single-layer microwave absorber employing carbon compounds has been prepared The layer thickness optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA) can estimate the appropriate design with the maximum reflection loss (RL)

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A novel Fe3O4/ZnO/PANI/rGO nanohybrid material for radar wave absorbing

Hanifah,

Subadra,

Hidayat

et al. 2024

Materials Chemistry and Physics

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Mechanical Exfoliation of Reduced Graphene Oxide From Old Coconut Shell as Radar Absorber in X-Band

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Analysis of Activated Carbon (Petung Bamboo)/Latex Composite as X-Band Wave-Absorbing Material

Analysis of Activated Carbon (Petung Bamboo)/Latex Composite as X-Band Wave-Absorbing Material

Preparation and Thickness Optimization of Graphenic-Based Carbon Material as a Microwave Absorber

A novel Fe3O4/ZnO/PANI/rGO nanohybrid material for radar wave absorbing

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