Objective: The aim of this study is to provide normative data about pituitary diameters in a pediatric population. Pituitary imaging is important for the evaluation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis defect. However, data about normal pituitary gland diameters and stalk are limited, especially in children. Structure and the measurements of pituitary gland and pituitary stalk may change due to infection, inflammation, or neoplasia. Methods: Among 14,854 cranial/pituitary gland magnetic resonance imaging scans performed from 2011 to 2013, 2755 images of Turkish children aged between 0 and 18 were acquired. After exclusions, 517 images were left. Four radiologists were educated by an experienced pediatric radiologist for the measurement and assessment of the pituitary gland and pituitary stalk. Twenty cases were measured by all radiologists for a pilot study and there was no interobserver variability. Results: There were 10-22 children in each age group. The maximum median height of the pituitary gland was 8.48 ± 1.08 and 6.19 ± 0.88 mm for girls and boys, respectively. Volumes were also correlated with gender similar to height. Minimum median height was 3.91 ± 0.75 mm for girls and 3.81 ± 0.68 mm for boys. The maximum and minimum pituitary stalk basilar artery ratios for girls were 0.73 ± 0.12 and 0.59 ± 0.10 mm. The ratios for boys were 0.70 ± 0.12 and 0.56 ± 0.11 mm. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the pituitary gland and stalk size data of children in various age groups from newborn to adolescent. It is thought that these data can be applied in clinical practice. Future prospective followup studies with larger samples, which correlate the structural findings with the clinical and laboratory results are awaited.

Ventricle sizes are important for the early diagnosis of hydrocephalus or for follow-up after ventriculostomy. Diameters of ventricles may change, especially in childhood. This study aims to provide normative data about ventricle diameters. Among 14,854 cranial MRI performed between 2011 and 2013, 2,755 images of Turkish children aged 0-18 years were obtained. After exclusions, 517 images were left. Four radiologists were trained by a pediatric radiologist. Twenty images were assessed by all radiologists for a pilot study to see that there was no interobserver variation. There were 10-22 children in each age group. The maximum width of the third ventricle was 5.54 ± 1.29 mm in males in age group 1 and 4.98 ± 1.08 mm in females in age group 2. The Evans' index was <0.3 and consistent with the literature. The third ventricle/basilar artery width ratio was found to be >1 and <2 in all age groups and both gender groups. Our study showed the ventricle size data of children in various age groups from newborn to adolescent. The ventricle volume/cerebral parenchyma ratio seems to decrease with age. We think that these data can be applied in clinical practice, especially for the early diagnosis of hydrocephalus.

It has been suggested that there is an ongoing subclinical inflammation in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients also in attack-free periods as well. Due to this ongoing inflammation, endothelial dysfunction (ED) may develop. Previously, ED has been suggested to increase the risk of the atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Endocan is recognized as a specific molecule of the endothelium and has been shown to increase in some cases associated with inflammation. However, there is not sufficient data whether those with FMF could develop ED in the early period of life. In this study, we aimed to investigate ED and its relation with endocan in young FMF patients. A total of 57 male patients diagnosed with FMF according to the Tel Hashomer criteria and a total of 33 healthy males with similar characteristics to the patient group were included in this research. Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen, serum glucose, serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and endocan levels were tested from fasting blood samples. Moreover, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) were measured. The endocan levels of the FMF patients during an attack-free period were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.001). On the other hand, FMD measurements were significantly lower among FMF patients (p < 0.001). ADMA levels were higher in the patient group; however, this difference was similar (p > 0.05). CIMT values were similar among FMF patients and healthy controls (p > 0.05). These results have suggested that ED may develop in the patients with FMF who have no additional CVD risk, even during young adulthood, and endocan may be a favorable biomarker at demonstration of ED than ADMA among FMF patients.

DWI is an effective method in differentiation of benign and malignant testicular masses. Important information can be obtained about nature of testis masses with quantitative measurements of the ADC and ratio of SI.

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Our aim is to investigate the entanglement dynamics and quantum correlations of a full-trapped ion interacting with two time-independent laser beams in view of the Lamb-Dicke parameter. For this purpose, the three probability amplitudes in the trapped ion is taken as 1/3. Concurrence, negativity, and atomic Wehrl entropy of entanglement exhibit a long interacting time. We show that long survival is proved with these quantum measures.

Metastatic masses in the kidney are rare, and metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the kidney is even rarer. A 58-year-old male patient with macroscopic hematuria presented to the emergency department. Abdominopelvic computed tomography revealed a lesion that was not visualized as a complete mass but instead appeared as a patch extending from the pelvis to the parenchyma. Biopsy indicated metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the right kidney. These findings indicate that metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma should be considered in patients presenting with hematuria and findings of patch-like suspicious masses in the right kidney. After diagnosis is confirmed by prompt biopsy, chemotherapy should be initiated to prolong the patient's life. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first report of renal metastasis from pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a living patient.

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