Double-gate single-electron transistors (SETs) were fabricated by chemical assembling using electroless gold-plated nanogap electrodes and chemisorbed chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles. The fabricated SET showed periodic and stable Coulomb oscillations under application of voltages of both gates. The sole SET also exhibited all two-input logic operations-XOR, XNOR, NAND, OR, NOR, and AND-with an on/off ratio of 10(2). This demonstrates the potential of chemical assembling to give highly stable SETs exhibiting all logic operations.

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Ideal discrete energy levels in synthesized Au nanoparticles (6.2 ± 0.8 nm) for a chemically assembled single-electron transistor (SET) are demonstrated at 300 mK. The spatial structure of the double-gate SET is determined by two gate and drain voltages dependence of the stability diagram, and electron transport to the Coulomb box of a single, nearby Coulomb island of Au nanoparticles is detected by the SET. The SET exhibits discrete energy levels, and the excited energy level spacing of the Coulomb island is evaluated as 0.73 meV, which well corresponds to the expected theoretical value. The discrete energy levels show magnetic field evolution with the Zeeman effect and dependence on the odd-even electron number of a single Au nanoparticle.

Au nanoparticle single-electron transistors with metal-bridged top-gates and nanogap electrodes were fabricated using two consecutive electron beam lithography and electroless Au plating steps. The metal-bridged top-gate electrodes were suspended above electroless Au plated nanogap electrodes. Au nanoparticles (5.2 nm in diameter) were chemisorbed between the nanogap electrodes after top-gate fabrication. Clear Coulomb diamonds were observed at 9 K. The gate capacitance Cg of the top-gate electrodes was 99 zF, which is 10 times larger than that of a similar device with only side-gate electrodes.

In the new era of cancer immunotherapy, clinical research has uncovered diverse and unpredictable immune‐related adverse events. Here, we report the first case of pembrolizumab‐induced myasthenia gravis (MG) and myositis in a patient with lung cancer. The patient developed symptoms after the second infusion of pembrolizumab and was successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid therapy. With the accelerated development of immune checkpoint inhibitors as mono‐ or combination therapies for various malignancies, clinicians should closely monitor patients for important immune‐related adverse events, such as MG, especially during the early phase of the treatment.

CT-LG is useful for preoperative visualization of SLNs and breast lymphatic draining routes. This preoperative method should contribute greatly to the easy detection of SLNs during SLNB.

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Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer threatening the lives of women between the ages of 30 and 64. The cancer antigen 15-3 assay (CA15-3) has been widely used for the detection of breast cancer recurrence; however, its sensitivity and specificity are inadequate. We previously found that the breast cancer cell line YMBS secretes mucin 1 possessing 3 0 -sulfated core1 (3Score1-MUC1) into the medium. Therefore, we here evaluated whether 3Score1-MUC1 is secreted into the blood streams of breast cancer patients, and whether it can serve as an improved breast cancer marker. We developed a lectin-sandwich immunoassay, called Gal4/MUC1, using a 3 0 -sulfated core1-specific galectin-4 and a MUC1 monoclonal antibody. Using the Gal4/ MUC1 assay method, we found that 3Score1-MUC1 was profoundly expressed in the blood streams of patients with recurrent and/or metastatic breast cancer. The positive ratio of the Gal4/MUC1 assay was higher than that of the CA15-3 assay in both primary (n 5 240) and relapsed (n 5 43) patients, especially in the latter of which the positive ratio of Gal4/MUC1 was 86%. whereas that of CA15-3 was 47%. Furthermore, serum Gal4/MUC1 levels could more sensitively reflect the recurrence of primary breast cancer patients after surgery. Therefore, the Gal4/MUC1 assay should be an excellent alternative to the CA15-3 tumor marker for tracking the recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer.Breast cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer affecting women overall. However, in the limited age range of 30 to 65 years, it is the most common type of cancer affecting women. In particular, more Japanese women have been affected by breast cancer in recent years. It is estimated that about 40,000 new patients are diagnosed each year. Although mammography is used to screen for breast cancer, the diagnosis is made through histological analysis of excised breast tissue and computed tomography (CT). Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) is often used as a clinical marker of breast cancer in laboratory tests. It is useful for establishing an index of malignancy, for determining the degree of breast cancer progress, and for monitoring the effects of therapy. CA15-3 is detected using a sandwich immunoassay. The capture and detection antibodies are a monoclonal antibody (mAb) (115D8) against a glycoprotein on human milk fat globule membranes (MAM-6) and a mAb (DF3) against liver tissue to which breast cancer spreads by metastasis. 1,2 The epitope detected by DF3 in the CA15-3 immunoassay is an extracellular domain polypeptide of mucin 1 (MUC1) derived from epithelial cells. 3 Although CA15-3 is useful for monitoring the therapeutic effects of breast cancer, it has poor sensitivity, with the positive ratio being as low as 17% among all breast cancer patients. Therefore, its use has been limited and an improved breast cancer biomarker is needed for monitoring malignancy, degree of progress, and therapeutic effects.MUC1 is a highly glycosylated type I membrane glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 300 kDa. It c...