BACKGROUND: Yarrow extract (Achillea millefolium) is recognized to have powerful antioxidants that protect the skin from free radical damage, skin whitening, and anti-aging properties. As a result, the application of antioxidants on the skin can be packaged into a peel-off gel mask preparation for face skin care. AIM: The goal of this study is to see how different concentrations of PVA and HPMC as film-forming and gelling agents affect the quality of peel-off gel masks made from ethanol extract of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) as an antiaging ingredient. METHODS: In order to obtain 5 formulas that will be made into preparations and evaluate the quality of the preparations, this research method uses quantitative analysis methods and statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA by varying the concentrations of PVA (7-10%) and HPMC (2-4%) in order to obtain 5 formulas that will be made into preparations and evaluated the quality of the preparations. Organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, syneresis, skin irritation, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time of the mask were all evaluated. RESULT: The results of the experiment with different concentrations of PVA and HPMC enhanced dispersion and drying time, but had no effect on the viscosity value decrease. CONCLUCION: The quality of the peel off gel mask prepared from the ethanol extract of Yarrow was significantly affected by PVA and HPMC concentrations (p<0.05).  

BACKGROUND: Antioxidants are natural ingredients that can block the oxidation process of free radicals that enter the body so that damage to body cells can be prevented. Kawista plants are one of the plants that have antioxidant activity. AIM: This article review aims to determine the compounds that have antioxidant activity found in Kawista plants, the method used in testing antioxidants on Kawista plants, and the IC50 value found in antioxidant testing on Kawista plants. METHODS: The method used in this study is the Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome method through inclusion and exclusion criteria using the keywords “Antioxidant activity of Limonia acidissima,” “Antioxidant activity of Feronia limonia,” “Antioxidant activity of Kawista,” “Testing Antioxidants in L. acidissima,” and “L. acidissima” with databases used for literature searches. RESULTS: This review shows that Kawista plants have antioxidant activity of various compounds based on the test method used. CONCLUSION: Compounds in Kawista plants that have antioxidant activity are phenols, especially phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, terpenes, steroids, alkaloids, and glycosides. Kawista plant activity tested had IC50 with an average value of very strong (16.45 g/mL), strong (77.85 g/mL), moderate (135.02 g/mL), weak (196.67 g/mL), and very weak (751.89 g/mL).

Background: The need for skincare is increasing. One of the indicators of skin health is the brightness of the skin tone. Tyrosinase enzymes can darken the skin color due to their activity against melanin biosynthesis. The skin color will also change when exposed to UV rays, and even at a more severe level, it can cause cancer. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase enzyme and the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value of ethanol extract, water fraction, and n-butanol fraction from Chromolaena odorata L. leaves. Methods: In this study, tests were carried out on ethanol extract, water fraction, and an n-butanol fraction of C. odorata leaves to inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity based on percent inhibition and determination of inhibitory activity against UV light based on the SPF value. Determination of tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity using an ELISA reader was carried out by calculating the IC50 value with kojic acid as a positive control and measuring the SPF value using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Result: The results showed that the IC50 value of the tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity test, kojic acid as a positive control was 24.85 µg/mL (very strong), ethanol extract samples, water fraction, and n-butanol fraction were 191 µg/mL (weak), 65.86 µg/mL (very strong), and 14.59 µg/mL (very strong), respectively. The SPF value, including minimal protection shown by the ethanol extract at a concentration of 60 µg/mL, the water fraction at a 120 µg/mL concentration, and the n-butanol fraction a concentration of 40 µg/mL. Conclusion: The ethanol extract, water fraction, and n-butanol fraction of the Chromolaena odorata L. had an inhibitory effect on the tyrosinase enzyme and sun protection capacity used as an ingredient in cosmetic preparations

BACKGROUND: Antioxidants are substances that can inhibit the oxidation process, so that they have a protective effect on cells from the dangers of free radicals. One of the plants that has activity as natural antioxidants is Botto-Botto leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.). AIM: This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the Botto-Botto leaf fraction using the DPPH and ABTS methods. METHODS: The leaves of Botto-Botto (Chromolaena odorata L.) obtained from Takalar District, South Sulawesi are sorted, dried and pollinated. The powder was immersed in 70% ethanol solvent and sonicated. Furthermore, the extraction was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent and fractionated using water, n-hexane, and n-butanol as solvents and dried. The fractionation results were continued for antioxidant testing using the DPPH and ABTS methods. RESULTS: The n-butanol fraction of Botto-Botto leaves had the highest antioxidant activity, namely the strong active category. In the DPPH and ABTS methods, the n-butanol fraction has IC50 values of 33.535 μg / mL and 60.885 μg / mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: The DPPH and ABTS methods, the n-butanol fraction of botto-botto leaves have strong antioxidant activity compared to other fractions, namely the water fraction and the n-hexane fraction.

BACKGROUND: Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes various skin damages. One of the most significant risks to skin occurrence is cancer and photoaging. Recent strategies for photoprotection have included incorporating natural sunscreens and antityrosinase. AIM: This study aimed to determine the sun protection factor (SPF) and inhibitory activity of tyrosinase of the extract and fractions of leaves of Terminalia catappa Linn. METHOD: The dried leaves were macerated with 96% ethanol and fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The extract and fractions were screened for their phytochemical profile, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was evaluated and expressed as IC50. The photoprotective activity of extract and fractions were measured by a UV spectrophotometric. RESULTS: Among the tested samples, the ethyl acetate fraction showed ultraprotection on erythema transmission rate (%TE), sunblock on pigmentation transmission (%TP), and minimum protection on SPF. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity to inhibit tyrosinase (IC50 was 50.54±2.37 μg/mL). The phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate fraction revealed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. CONCLUSION: This study’s findings revealed a higher tyrosinase inhibitor and sun protection capacity of ethyl acetate fraction of leaves of T. catappa and suitable to develop as a cosmetic agent.

Introduction: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can cause damage to the skin's dermis layer, which can lead to collagen fragmentation. Damage to collagen generates wrinkles, which are a sign of aging. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine how Siam Weeds cream (Chromolaena odorata L.) altered the thickness and density of collagen in the skin of BALB/c mice after UVB exposure. Methods: There were four groups of 24 BALB/c mice altogether: normal control, negative control (Cream Base with UVB), positive control (UVB), and treatment (C. odorata cream and UVB). Just before and after the mice were exposed to UVB at 500 mJ/cm2, the Siam Weeds cream formulation was applied at a concentration of 1%. Mice were slaughtered, and a back skin excisional biopsy was conducted to analyze collagen. Results: the treatment group differed significantly both in thickness and density of collagen against the positive control group and the negative control group (p<0.05) and There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment and normal control groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: A 1% dosage of C. odorata cream can improve the thickness and density of collagen in UVB-exposed mice's skin.

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This experiment was conducted in one of the animal farm located in Qalat Sikar town, about 100 kilometer north Nassiriya during the period from 27-11-2007 to 29-1-2008. This study aimed to a knowledge the effect of different levels of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on some productive characteristics (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight, dressing percentage, rib eye muscle area and fat layer thickness traits) in kids of local goats. Twenty four kids were used with 5 months average age and on average of 16.05 kg initial weight. The kids were distributed randomly into four groups, each group consisted of 6 kids. They were fed four different levels of baker's yeast and the control group (comparative) fed basal ration without any addition, the first treatment group (T1) fed the same basal ration supplemented with 1 gm yeast/kg feed. second treatment group (T2) fed the same basal ration supplemented with 3 gm yeast/kg feed. third treatment group (T3) fed the same basal ration supplemented with 5 gm yeast/kg feed. The kids were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and weekly and the weighing of kids was continued for 9 weeks. The results of this study can be summarized as follows:-1-The total weight gain was 5.41, 4.90, 7.03, 3.80 kg for the control group, T1, T2 and T3, respectively, The T2 (3gm yeast/kg feed) was found to have a significant increase (P<0.05) as compared with T1 and T3 group, and mathematical increase as compared to the control group and also T2 was superior to the other treatments in daily weight gain and the results were 85.00, 77.00, 111.00 and 60.00 gm for the control, T1, T2 and T3, groups, respectively, while the treatment groups didn't affect significantly final weight. 2-The average of daily feed intake for the control, T1, T2, T3 groups were 0.62, 0.59, 0.54 and 0.48 kg/head, respectively. So, all treated groups showed lower feed intake than the control group. 3-The best value of feed conversion ratio was appeared in T2 group(4.86 kg feed /kg weight gain) and all groups showed apparent differences among their values of feed conversion ratio and reached 7.29, 7.66,and 8.00 kg feed /kg weight gain)for the control, T1,T2 and T3, respectively. 4-There were no significant differences among treatment groups in hot carcass weight ,dressing percentage, rib eye muscle area , fat layer thickness, but there were mathematical differences among treatment groups, the higher values were for the T2 group while the lower values were for the control group(10.0,7.9 kg), (42.5,39.0%) , (11.2, 8.5 cm 2 ) , (0.74, 0.60 mm), respectively.