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Our results demonstrated the in vivo antibacterial activity of roselle calyx extract against Staphylococcus aureus using a novel Drosophila infection model platform that shall emphasize the idea to explore the use of roselle calyx extract as a source to discover novel anti-staphylococcal agents.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kombinasi perbandingan polimer etilselulosa dan PVP K-30 yang menghasilkan karakteristik fisik baik dan pengaruhnya terhadap permeasi kulit pada hewan coba. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian fisik yaitu uji organoleptik, kadar air, ketebalan, dan keseragaman bobot, serta uji permeasi kulit pada hewan coba menggunakan membran kulit tikus dan kelinci. Perbandingan formulasi etilselulosa dan PVP K-30  yang digunakan adalah 7:3 (F1), 8:2 (F2) dan 9:1 (F3). Patch dibuat dengan menggunakan metode solvent casting atau dikenal metode cetak tuang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi perbandingan polimer etilselulosa dan PVP K-30 yang menghasilkan karakteristik fisik baik adalah F2 (8:2) dan F3 (9:1). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian terhadap uji permeasi menggunakan membran kulit tikus dan kelinci dapat disimpulkan bahwa formula optimum yaitu F3 (9:1) dengan nilai permeasi tertinggi pada tikus 46,09% dan kelinci 66,30 %.    

The rise of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-related clinical cases is an alarming chronicle for global communities. This research was conducted to examine the antistaphylococcal effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx fractions in the Drosophila model. In the infection experiment, wild-type and immunodeficient Drosophila were pricked with S. aureus and subsequently subjected to fly survivorship and colony-forming assays, in the presence or absence of roselle calyx fractions. The Involvement of immune stimulation in the host antibacterial protection was assessed in vitro using cell-based luciferase reporter assay and in vivo using RT-qPCR analysis on adult flies. A declining rate of fly survivorship and augmentation of bacterial growth were observable in S. aureus-infected wild-type flies but subject to improvement in the presence of roselle calyx fractions. Cell-based analysis revealed the absence of host immune stimulation via Drosophila Toll pathway and roselle calyx fractions-treated immune-deficient flies lacking for components in the Toll pathway were protected from infection-induced early death phenotype and harbored reduced number of S. aureus colonies. Overall, our data confirmed the in vivo anti-staphylococcal activity of roselle calyx fractions in Drosophila infection model and such protective signature was devoid of host immune stimulation.

Filamentous fungi were isolated from ten spices collected from markets in Indonesia. The aim was to enumerate fungal contamination and to determine the toxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus strains on each of the spices. Viable fungal populations were determined using a dilution method. Toxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus was determined by culture on a quick screening coconut agar and by PCR using four sets of primers specific for aflatoxin pathway genes. All the tested spices were contaminated by storage fungi, Species of Aspergillus was the most commonly isolated moulds followed by species of Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium and Rhizopus. The greatest number of Aspergillus flavus isolates were found on white pepper, followed by nutmeg, cardamom, and black pepper. The greatest number of Aspergillus chevalieri isolates were found on coriander, followed by nutmeg. Fifty strains of A. flavus were isolated, all of the strains produced large sclerotia and biseriate conidiophores. Their toxigenicity was assayed by the presence of yellow pigment on a quick screening coconut agar medium and PCR amplification of regulatory and structural genes in the aflatoxin pathway.

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This article examines the creation myth in Serat Purwakandha Brantakusuman (SPB), how its characteristics are compared to myths in Indonesia and existing mythical theories, and explains philosophical themes that can be examined from these myths in order to give its theoretical contributions in existing mythical theories. It is a literature study by reviewing books texts, research reports, journals, and other sources. The analysis is done by interpretation, coherence-holistic, description, and analysis-synthesis. The theoretical framework used is the myth theory C A. Van Peursen and Clifford Geertz. The results of the study indicate that the myth of the creation of plants in SPB is based on the story of the death of Dewi Tisnawati who was banished to earth. The study of myths about the origin of plants is new because research examining myths related to agriculture and Dewi Sri, the influence of myths in life and human activities, forms of rituals and socio-cultural activities, and the relationship between myths and art, are more related to origin place. The myths in SPB and myths in Indonesia contribute to supporting myth concepts that have been described by great thinkers. The creation myth and other myths in the SPB can be subject to study from the perspective of the branches of philosophy and its conceptual substances can also be criticized philosophically