A simple, accurate, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the formation of chloroform extractable complex of tramadol hydrochloride with wool fast blue, which shows absorbance maxima at 590 nm against the reagent blank treated similarly. The method obeys Beer's law in the concentration ranges of 50-250 µg/mL. Validation studies are statistically significant as all the statistical parameters are within the acceptance range (% RSD< 2.0 and S.D. < 2.0) for both accuracy and precision study. High recovery and low % RSD reveals the reliability of the method for quantitative study of the proposed method in tablet formulation. The proposed method is simple, rapid accurate, precise, reproducible and economic and can be used for routine quantitative analysis of tramadol hydrochloride in pure and tablet dosage form.
A simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of zidovudine in commercial dosage forms. The method was based on the formation of chloroform extractable complex of zidovudine with wool fast blue. The absorbance of the extractable ion pair complex is measured at the wavelength of maximum absorbance 590 nm against the reagent blank treated similarly. Statistical analysis proves that the proposed methods are reproducible and selective for the estimation of zidovudine in bulk drug and in its tablet dosage form.
A simple spectrophotometric method for determination of famotidine was described. The method was based on bromination of the drug with excess brominating mixture in acidic medium. The yellow colour developed was measured at 350 nm against distilled water blank. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 40-200 µg/ml. 2-aminoiminomethyl)amino-]4 thiazolyl]methyl]thio]-N-(aminosulfonyl) propaninidamide, is used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, stress ulcers and gastritis. Various methods have been reported for estimation of famotidine, which include spectrophotometric methods 1-3 , spectrophotometric and *For correspondence E-mail: ramireddy_m2000@yahoo.co.in spectrofluorimetric method 4 and flow-injection analysis 5 . Famotidine, chemically 3-[[[(In the present communication, a simple spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of famotidine from pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method was based on the bromination of the drug with excess brominating mixture in acidic medium. After bromination, the excess brominating mixture was treated with potassium iodide, which gave yellow colour. The maximum absorbance was measured at 350 nm. The
Soybean, a crop of international importance, is challenged with the problem of seed longevity mainly due to its genetic composition and associated environmental cues. Soybean’s fragile seed coat coupled with poor DNA integrity, ribosomal dysfunction, lipid peroxidation and poor antioxidant system constitute the rationale for fast deterioration. Variability among the genotypes for sensitivity to field weathering contributed to their differential seed longevity. Proportion and density of seed coat, glassy state of cells, calcium and lignin content, pore number, space between seed coat and cotyledon are some seed related traits that are strongly correlated to longevity. Further, efficient antioxidant system, surplus protective proteins, effective nucleotide and protein repair systems and free radical scavenging mechanisms also contributed to the storage potential of soybean seeds. Identification of molecular markers and QTLs associated with these mechanisms will pave way for enhanced selection efficiency for seed longevity in soybean breeding programs. This review reflects on the morphological, biochemical and molecular bases of seed longevity along with pointers on harvest, processing and storage strategies for extending vigour and viability in soybean.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of five treatments to observe the growth performance and meat composition of Channa striata and Pangasius hypophthalmus advanced fry for the period of 60 days. Composition of nitrogen in different experiments treatment with different combinations of supplementary feed. The pond was supplemented with 0.2g N/100g body weight fertilizers and supplementary feed, the source of which are different. The treatment was cow dung, pig dung, nitrophos, supplementary feed and probiotics in 5 treatments. The highest fish production was recorded in treatment of supplementary with probiotics. Among the species channa goes to better result compare with the pangus. The present study revealed that there is a significant difference (P < 0.05) between body composition of the studied fish species. Moreover, variations also exist between the fishes of the same species for all the constituents. Copy Right, IJAR, 2013,. All rights reserved.
Maize is one of the most important staple food crops in the World. However, the yields of maize have been affected by various fungal infestations. Post flowering stalk rot is one of the devastating diseases and so, we planned our study to order to identify suitable resistance maize genotypes against post flowering stalk rot (PFSR) complex caused by Macrophomina phaseolina through in-vivo screening and toothpick method for creating artificial epiphytotics. A total of 20 maize inbreds were screened and crossed in Line × Tester mating design (15 × 5) during Kharif 2019, Six resistant inbred lines were identified and generated the 75 F1s (SCHs) at MRC, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. All these 20 parents and 75 F1s along with three checks were evaluated by raising the crop in disease sick plot accompanied by toothpick inoculation during Rabi, 2019-20, in a Randomized Block Design with two replications. The field screening of maize genotypes by the standard toothpick method which needs about 40 days for expression of plant drying symptoms due to PFSR and data are possible to record only at the time of crop harvesting using 1-9 rating scale of PFSR for scoring disease severity in-vivo condition by splitting the stem of each plant. As a result, most of the genotypes were exhibited disease reaction varying from resistant (score 2) to moderately resistant (score 5) against M. phaseolina. While studying the genetics of PFSR, we found that interaction of lines and testers were proportionally contributed towards resistant, and degree of dominance is preferably non-additive gene action, it shows that the magnitude of dominance was higher than additive effect indicating that PFSR resistance is largely governed by dominance effect i.e., non additive component is not fixable for resistance. It is also found that the resistant genotypes also exhibited highest significant positive heterosis and combining ability effects (GCA and SCA). A considerable yield reduction in grain yield (10.5 to 28.3%) over checks was observed in susceptible lines. Most of the genotypes were found resistant as the reduction in yield is low. Hybrids developed using such lines exhibited high yields which are promoted for extensive testing to know their stability before release as commercial hybrids.
In order to screen maize genotypes for resistance to post-flowering stalk rot (PFSR) complex caused by Macrophomina phaseolina under field conditions, toothpick method was used for creating artificial epiphytotics. In this study, 98 maize genotypes (20 parents (15 Lines × 5 testers), 75 Single Cross Hybrids (SCHs) and three standard checks) were screened in field by toothpick method of inoculation. The field screening of maize genotypes by the standard toothpick method which needs about 40 days (only at harvesting stage) for expression of plant drying symptoms due to PFSR and data are possible to record only at the time of crop harvesting. Screening is done by using 1-9 rating scale of PFSR for scoring disease severity in-vivo condition. All these maize inbred lines were screened in field by toothpick method of inoculation at Maize Research Centre, Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. As a result, most of the genotypes were exhibited disease reaction varying from resistant (score-2) to moderately resistant (score-5) against M. phaseolina. In ordered to identified PFSR resistant lines, screening of 98 maize genotypes in field against M. phaseolina, only four lines, viz.,
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