Recent fears of terrorism have provoked an increase in delays and denials of transboundary shipments of radioisotopes. This represents a serious constraint to sterile insect technique (SIT) programs around the world as they rely on the use of ionizing radiation from radioisotopes for insect sterilization. To validate a novel X ray irradiator, a series of studies on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were carried out, comparing the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) between X rays and traditional gamma radiation from 60Co. Male C. capitata pupae and pupae of both sexes of A. fraterculus, both 24-48 h before adult emergence, were irradiated with doses ranging from 15 to 120 Gy and 10-70 Gy, respectively. Estimated mean doses of 91.2 Gy of X and 124.9 Gy of gamma radiation induced 99% sterility in C. capitata males. Irradiated A. fraterculus were 99% sterile at approximately 40-60 Gy for both radiation treatments. Standard quality control parameters and mating indices were not significantly affected by the two types of radiation. The RBE did not differ significantly between the tested X and gamma radiation, and X rays are as biologically effective for SIT purposes as gamma rays are. This work confirms the suitability of this new generation of X ray irradiators for pest control programs that integrate the SIT.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi adequar as dietas artificiais para o desenvolvimento dos estágios de larva e adulto da mosca-das-frutas sul-americana (Anastrepha fraterculus). Para o estágio larval, foram testadas as seguintes dietas: D1, original, com 10 g de ágar; D2, modificada, com 3,6 g de ágar; e, D3, modificada, com bagaço seco de cana-de-açúcar. Para os adultos, foram testadas quatro dietas: A, levedura de cerveja + mel (2:1); B, açúcar refinado + extrato de levedura + gérmen de trigo cru (3:1:1); C, extrato de soja + açúcar mascavo + gérmen de trigo cru (3:1:1); e D, levedura seca de cervejaria + mel (2:1). Avaliaram-se os parâmetros biológicos de duração do período ovo-pupa, duração e viabilidade do estágio de pupa, massa média de pupas, razão sexual e duração e viabilidade do período ovo-adulto. O desenvolvimento larval em D1 e D2 foi semelhante e indicou que a criação de larvas pode ser realizada com 1/3 da quantidade de ágar da utilizada em D1. A utilização do bagaço seco de cana-de-açúcar, na dieta artificial, afetou negativamente o desenvolvimento larval. As dietas artificiais com levedura de cerveja + mel e com açúcar refinado + extrato de levedura + gérmen de trigo cru são as mais adequadas para a criação de adultos.Termos para indexação: Anastrepha fraterculus, controle biológico, criação massal, inseto estéril, Tephritidae. Artificial diets for the rearing of adult and larvae of South-American fruit flyAbstract -The objective of this work was to adequate artificial diets for the development of larva and adult stages of South-American fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus). For the larval stage, the following diets were tested: D1, original diet, with 10 g agar; D2, modified diet, with 3.6 g agar; and D3, modified diet, with dry sugarcane bagasse. For adults, four diets were tested: A, brewers' yeast + honey (2:1); B, refined sugar + yeast extract + crude wheat germ (3:1:1); C, soybean extract + brown sugar + crude wheat germ (3:1:1); and D, brewers' dried yeast + honey (2:1). The evaluated biological parameters were: duration of the egg-pupa period, duration and feasibility of the pupa stage, average mass of pupae, sexual ratio, and duration and feasibility of the egg-adult period. Larval stage development for D1 and D2 was similar, and indicated that the larval rearing can be managed with 1/3 agar quantity used in D1. The dry sugarcane bagasse, used in the artificial diet, negatively affected the larval development. Artificial diets with brewers' yeast + honey and with refined sugar + yeast extract + crude wheat germ are the most adequate ones for adult rearing.
Some species of the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) are successfully managed by matching the sterile insect technique with parasitoid releases. Such strategies used in integrated pest management can be implemented only where insect mass-rearing programs are feasible. In this study, we show the process of domestication, rearing technology and quality control data obtained from 54 generations of Anastrepha sp.1 aff. fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) kept under fully artificial conditions. Eggs were collected by an artificial oviposition panel consisting of one side of the cage made of blue voile fabric externally covered with a thin layer of silicon rubber. They were then air-bubbled in water at 25 ºC for 48 h before seeding. Larvae were reared on the regular laboratory artificial diet with 66 % of agar reduction turning over a semi-liquid diet, which reduced costs and improved insect quality. The adult and larval diets were composed of local ingredients including hydrolyzed yeast. When large-scale production of this fly is contemplated, the critical stage is larval development. This system of artificial rearing for A. fraterculus sp.1 developed in Brazil, allows for the production of a large number of insects of excellent quality using local ingredients and less agar in diet composition than the original medium used for this species. By reducing the interval of egg collection, the system might be optimized in terms of insect yield and, therefore, meet the demands of A. fraterculus sp.1 with regard to integrated pest management purposes.
-The distribution of females of Anastrepha species per trap was strongly clustered, with five traps (6%) capturing 50% of the total of females. Only Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) and A. obliqua (Macquart) were dominant species. A. fraterculus was by far the most frequent species (80.2% of the females), and the most constant, occurring in 98.0% of the samples. In decreasing order of frequency, A. obliqua (12.6%), A. pseudoparallela (Loew) (3.1%), and A. bistrigata Bezzi (2.1%) comprised the other major species. The remaining species showed frequency lower than 1%. The high value of the Simpson's index (0.660) as well as the low values of Shannon's index (0.7518) and the equitability index (0.4597) resulted from the high frequency of A. fraterculus.KEY WORDS: Insecta, fruit fly, faunal index RESUMO -A distribuição das fêmeas das espécies de Anastrepha por armadilha foi fortemente agregada, com cinco armadilhas (6%) capturando 50% do total de fêmeas. Apenas Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) e A. obliqua (Macquart) foram dominantes. A. fraterculus foi a espécie mais freqüente (80,2% das fêmeas) e a mais constante, ocorrendo em 98,0% das amostras. Em ordem decrescente de freqüência, seguiram-se A. obliqua (12,6%), A. pseudoparallela (Loew) (3,1%) e A. bistrigata Bezzi (2,1%). As demais espécies apresentaram freqüência menor que 1%. O valor elevado do índice de Simpson (0,660) e os valores baixos do índice de Shannon (0,7518) e de eqüitatividade (0,4597) resultaram da alta freqüência de A. fraterculus. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Insecta, mosca-das-frutas, índice faunístico O número total de indivíduos amostrados em uma determinada área e a análise quantitativa da diversidade têm sido bastante empregados em estudos faunísticos, permitindo caracterizar uma comunidade.Estudos conduzidos em pomares comerciais mostraram que embora diversas espécies de moscas-das-frutas estejam presentes, apenas uma ou duas são consideradas dominantes.
ABSTRACT. Biodiversity of fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha (Diptera, Tephritidae) at the ESALQ-USP campus, Piracicaba, São Paulo. The aim of this study was to determine the number of species of Anastrepha Schiner at the campus and to verify the association between host plant species and Anastrepha species in this area. A total of 23,277 females of Anastrepha collected in McPhail traps was examined, and 18 species belonging to nine species groups were recorded. A total of 563 fruit samples representing at least 23 plant species from nine families was collected in 47 capture sites. A total of 10,243 females was identified. Of the 18 Anastrepha species captured in traps, only six emerged from fruit samples: A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wied.) and A. sororcula Zucchi. A. fraterculus infested the greatest diversity of hosts. The preferred hosts of A. obliqua were plant species of the family Anacardiaceae. A. pseudoparallela, and A. serpentina only infested species of Passifloraceae and Sapotaceae, respectively. A. fraterculus is recorded for the first time in sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.) in Brazil.
Papaya is a fragile, perishable fruit, highly accepted worldwide. To keep the quality of papaya from harvest to the consumers, conservation techniques are often used; among them is the application of gamma irradiation. The objective of this work was to evaluate gamma irradiation in papayas harvested at three degrees of maturation, in order to increase shelf life. Papayas were harvested in perfect quality conditions and selected by skin coloration into three distinct degrees of maturation: maturation 0, or beginning of yellow coloration; maturation 1, yellow stripes more developed, and maturation 2, one third yellow. Half of them were irradiated with 0.75 kGy, while the other half became control treatment. They were analyzed in four periods of conservation, which were 1 DAI (days after irradiation refrigerated at 11 ± 1°C), 14 DAI, 14 DAI + 3 DRT (room temperature at 24° ± 2°C) and 14 DAI + 6 DRT. The papaya maturation degree at harvest did not influence the radiation effect. Irradiation maintained firmness of papaya and, therefore, delayed ripening; modified the green color of papaya to a lighter, more intense tone, which determined more homogeneity in the development of the skin's yellow color (greater values of L* and croma). There was no effect of irradiation in papaya weight loss, occurrence of diseases, croma of flesh color, pH and total soluble solids contents. Key words: post-harvest, food conservation, gamma irradiation, tropical fruits, shelf life RADIAÇÃO GAMA EM MAMÃO PAPAIA COLHIDO EM TRÊS ESTÁDIOS DE MATURAÇÃORESUMO: O mamão é um fruto frágil, perecível, muito apreciado mundialmente. Para que a qualidade do mamão se mantenha da colheita até os consumidores, técnicas de conservação são utilizadas, sendo uma destas a aplicação de radiação gama. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de irradiação gama em mamões colhidos em diferentes estádios de maturação com a intenção de aumentar a vida útil pós-colheita. Mamões foram colhidos em perfeitas condições de qualidade e selecionados pela coloração amarela em três fases distintas: maturação 0, ou início da coloração amarela; maturação 1, com estrias amarelas mais desenvolvidas, e maturação 2, com um terço da casca já amarelo. Metade destes foi irradiada com 0,75 kGy e a outra se tornou testemunhas. A análise se deu em quatro períodos de conservação sendo estes 1 DAI (dias após a irradiação sob refrigeração a 11 ± 1°C), 14 DAI, 14 DAI + 3 DTA (dias a temperatura ambiente a 24°± 2°C) e 14 DAI + 6 DTA. Não houve diferença entre os mamões irradiados em diferentes estádios de maturação. A irradiação promoveu manutenção da firmeza do mamão e, portanto, retardo no amadurecimento; modificou a cor verde do mamão para tons mais claros e mais intensos o que determinou maior homogeneidade no desenvolvimento da cor amarela da casca (valores de brilho e croma maiores). Não houve efeito da irradiação na perda de massa, aparecimento de doenças, na cor interna dos frutos, no pH e no teor de sólidos solúveis. Palavras-chave: pós-colheita, conservação de...
Although the effects of aflatoxin on animal performance have been well established in previous studies, there are few studies reporting on the relationship between aflatoxin and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to minimize aflatoxicosis was evaluated. An aflatoxin-free diet and six contaminated diets (400 lg kg -1 aflatoxin) were formulated with five diets containing the viable yeast (Y1026 or Y904). A 28-day bioassay using 21-day-old and 60-g body weight Wistar rats was conducted. The results showed that there were no significant (P [ 0.05) differences for: food consumption; daily weight gain; food conversion, and enzyme activity. Hepatic tissues from the aflatoxin control group suffered from hepatotoxicity, cellular disorganization, and hepatocyte necrosis. The inclusion of yeast or yeast and amino acids (methionine and cysteine) reduced the toxicity.
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