Emergência de plântulas deABSTRACT -Schizolobium amazonicum is a specie from Amazonian forest intensively used in reforestation programs, both because it is fast growing and for good behavior in homogeneous planting. The objective was to evaluate the influence of substrates and shading on emergency and development of parica seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in a factorial 2 x 10 (shading and substrates). The substrates used were commercial coir and composted soil, mixed with alternative materials rice hulls, sand, sawdust and fresh sawdust tanned. Were evaluated seedlings emergence, speed of emergence index, length of roots and hypocotyl, dry matter of roots and hypocotyls, relative frequency and average time of emergency. Sand and dust tanned mountain in mixture (1:1 v / v) with coconut shell or topsoil can be used for Schizolobium amazonicum seedlings formation. Sand and fresh mountain powder can be used in the initial nursery, but seedlings should be transplanted to another substrate or field after 40 days. Rice husk in nature should not be adopted either as a substrate, neat or in mixture. Production of parica seedlings does not require shading.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of shading on açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) plants development, an experiment was conducted at the Viveiro da Floresta, Rio Branco, AC. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications of 25 plants, set as full sunlight and 18%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 80% shading. The evaluation occurred 125 days after transplantation and the variables were stem diameter, root length, length of the aerial part, total length, dry matter of root, dry matter of aerial part, and total dry matter. With exception of root length, there was significant difference between treatments for all variables. The production of açai plants should be performed using 40% shading. DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DE PLANTAS DE AÇAÍ SOB GRADUAÇÕES DE SOMBREAMENTORESUMO -Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de sombreamento no desenvolvimento de plantas de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) foi instalado um experimento no Viveiro da Floresta em Rio Branco, AC. O arranjo experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de 25 plântulas, definidos como a pleno sol e os sombreados em 18%, 35%, 50%, 70% e 80%. A avaliação ocorreu 125 dias após o transplantio e as variáveis analisadas foram o diâmetro do colo, comprimento da raiz, parte aérea e total, massa seca da raiz, parte aérea e total. Com exceção do comprimento da raiz, houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para todas as variáveis. A produção de plantas de açaí deve ser feita utilizando 40% de sombreamento. Termos para indexação: Euterpe oleracea, produção de mudas, luminosidade, Arecaceae. 1 (Trabalho 178-15).Recebido em: 15-07-2015. Aceito para publicação em: 16-09-2015. 2 Eng. Agr. Mestre em Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Rio Branco, AC.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de determinar o potencial 1;2;3;4;5;7MPa ABSTRACTWith the aim at determining the physiological potential and germinative performance of soybean seeds, two lots were evaluated by germination, cold, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity tests and osmotic stress, at potentials 0.0 (control),

-The development of technologies to increase stand establishment efficiency and seed vigor, as well as to maximize profits, is of fundamental importance for the sustainability of agriculture. Products based on humic substances, such as humic acids, have been recently used in Brazilian agriculture to produce seedlings with high vigor, which positively influences the establishment of the initial stand. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of treatment of corn seeds with a commercial humic acid-based product, Humykos® (18% of humic acid content), on germination and seedling vigor. The treatments consisted of six doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mL 100 kg -1 seed) of Humykos®, and the treated seeds were analyzed for germination and vigor (first count, emergence, emergence speed index, length, and dry mass of shoots and roots). Our results show that humic acid promotes greater seedling growth and increased shoot dry mass in corn; in addition, it has a positive influence on the emergence speed index up to a dose 158 mL 100 kg -1 seeds.

RESUMO -A dormência intensa verificada em sementes de Schizolobium amazonicum dificulta o processo de formação de mudas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar procedimentos para acelerar e uniformizar a emergência de plântulas de paricá. Foram utilizadas sementes coletadas de diversas matrizes na Floresta Estadual do Antimary, Acre. Os tratamentos constaram de sementes intactas (testemunha), escarificação com ácido sulfúrico concentrado (imersão por 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35; 40; 45 e 50 min), imersão em água aquecida (60 ºC, 80 ºC e 100 ºC), escarificação da porção basal da semente com lixa, escarificação com punção por meio de perfurações na maior porção lateral do tegumento, e escarificação com esmeril elétrico na lateral do tegumento. Os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados por meio da emergência de plântulas (EP) e do índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) em seis momentos de observação, além da frequencia relativa e do tempo médio de emergência nos melhores resultados. O delineamento estatístico foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial para a EP e em arranjo simples para o IVE. A máxima EP em menor tempo pode ser conseguida com uso do punção, imersão em água fervente (100 ºC) e do esmeril elétrico.Palavras-chave: Paricá. Dormência. Sementes florestais. ABSTRACT -The intense dormancy seen in seeds of Schizolobium amazonicum, known locally as paricá, makes the formation process of seedlings difficult. The aim of this work was to test procedures to accelerate and standardise the emergence of seedlings in the paricá. The seeds used were collected from various matrices in the Antimary State Forest, in the Brazilian state of Acre. Treatments consisted of intact seeds (control), scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid (immersion for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 min), immersion in heated water (60 ºC, 80 ºC and 100 ºC ), scarification of the basal part of the seed with sandpaper, scarification with a punch by means of perforations in the largest lateral portion of the husk, and scarification with an electric emery grinder on the side of the husk. The effects of the treatments were evaluated using seedling emergence (EP) and the emergence speed index (EVI) at six observation times, as well as the relative frequency and average time of emergence for the best results. The statistical design was completely randomised with four replications in a factorial scheme for EP, and a single array for the IVE. Maximum EP can be achieved in less time by using the punch, immersion in boiling water (100ºC) and the electric grinder.

RESUMO -As informações disponíveis na literatura nacional sobre a avaliação do vigor de sementes de beterraba são escassas, embora essa cultura seja de grande importância. O objetivo do trabalho foi definir metodologia para avaliar o potencial fisiológico das sementes, comparando resultados obtidos em laboratório com a emergência de plântulas em campo. Sementes de beterraba, cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder, representadas por cinco lotes adquiridos no comércio, foram avaliadas quanto à viabilidade (teste de germinação) e ao vigor (testes de primeira contagem, velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl e emergência de plântulas em campo). O teste de envelhecimento acelerado com solução salina saturada manteve baixo o teor de água e não reduziu a intensidade de deterioração das sementes. Os testes de envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e com solução de NaCl, ambos a 42 o C, mostraram-se adequados para identificar diferenças no potencial fisiológico de sementes de beterraba.Termos para indexação: Beta vulgaris, vigor, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas. EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF BEETROOT SEEDSABSTRACT -Although the beetroot crop is very important, little information is available in the Brazilian literature about seed vigor evaluation of this species. This research was conducted to evaluate the physiological potential of seeds by different tests, comparing their performance with seedling field emergence. Beetroot seeds, cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder from five commercial seedlots, were submitted to germination, first count, speed of germination, accelerated aging (traditional and saturated salt) and seedling field emergence tests. The saturated salt accelerated aging (SSAA) did not reduce the intensity of deterioration, but seed moisture content was maintained at a low level. The traditional and saturated salt accelerated aging, both at 42 o C, were efficient to detect differences in vigor levels among beetroot seed lots.Index terms: Beta vulgaris, accelerated aging, physiological potential, seedling emergency.Paulista -UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, CEP: 14844-900; jbsilva@fcav.unesp.br; 3 Professor Titular, Depto. Produção Vegetal, UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP; rdvieira@fcav.unesp.br. INTRODUÇÃOEm sementes de hortaliças, a qualidade é particularmente importante porque são efetuados altos investimentos tanto na implantação, devido ao elevado custo das sementes, quanto durante todo o processo produtivo (Bittencourt, 1991). Assim, o sucesso da olericultura geralmente depende do estabelecimento de estande adequado para cada cultura, caso contrário podem ocorrer reduções na quantidade e variações na qualidade do produto final (Grassbaugh e Bennett, 1998).A cultura da beterraba utiliza grande quantidade de sementes em sua implantação. Devido à ausência de clima adequado para a produção de sementes no Brasil, os produtores precisam importá-las, o que reduz a lucratividade pelo seu alto custo. A utilização de sementes de elevado potencial fisiológico torna-s...

This study describes the use of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in Crotalaria ochroleuca seed technology. This work evaluated X-ray fluorescence techniques to estimate the physiological performance of different C. ochroleuca seed coat colours based on the concentration and distribution of Ca, P, K, and S in seed structures. The treatments consisted of seeds separated by coat colours (yellow, green, and red) and a control treatment (colour mix according to their natural occurrence in commercial lots), and was carried out in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The physiological performance was evaluated by analyzing the water content, germination, first germination count, germination speed index, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence, and seedling length and dry mass. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy techniques were carried out with quantitative analyses (Ca, P, K, and S concentration in the seed coat and the whole seed) and qualitative analyses (macronutrient mapping). The EDXRF and μ-XRF techniques are efficient and promising to differentiate the physiological performance of C. ochroleuca seeds, based on the concentration and distribution of Ca, P, K, and S in different structures. Ca is predominant in the seed coat, and K, S, and P are found throughout the embryonic axis. Seeds of yellow and green coats have higher nutrients concentration and distribution in the embryonic axis, revealing high germinative capacity and physiological performance. Seeds of red coat have higher nutrients concentration in the seed coat and lower assimilation, showing less vigour, which interferes directly in the quality of commercial lots.

RESUMO -O uso de testes de vigor é fundamental na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes produzidas e comercializadas. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar o uso do teste de deterioração controlada na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de beterraba. Após lavagem dos frutos contendo as sementes em água corrente, oito lotes da cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder foram previamente avaliados pelos testes de germinação e de emergência de plântulas (EP). Para o ajuste do teor de água (TA) foram estudados os métodos de atmosfera úmida (AU) e substrato úmido (SU). O teste de deterioração controlada (DC) foi conduzido com 22 e 24% de água e exposição durante 12, 24 e 36 horas à temperatura de 45 ºC. Usou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições de 25 sementes, exceto o de EP, conduzido com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. Os dados foram analisados separadamente para cada combinação TA x períodos de deterioração e as médias comparadas usando-se o teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). Análises de correlação simples foram estabelecidas entre os resultados dos testes de laboratório e a EP. O ajuste do TA de semente deve ser feito pelo método do SU. O teste de DC pode ser utilizado para avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de beterraba, sendo indicada a combinação TA de 22%, a 45 o C, durante 24 horas.Termos para indexação: Beta vulgaris, germinação, vigor, emergência de plântulas. CONTROLLED DETERIORATION OF BEETROOT SEEDSABSTRACT: The vigor test is a fundamental test used to evaluate the physiological potential of produced and commercialized seeds. Controlled deterioration was studied as a method to evaluate the physiological potential of beetroot seeds (Beta vulgaris). After immersing the fruits in running water, eight seed lots of cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder were evaluated as to germination and seedling emergence. The seed water content (SWC) was adjusted using the wet atmosphere and moist substrate methods. The controlled deterioration test was a completely randomized design with eight replicates of 25 seeds and was conducted at 45 o C using a SWC of 22% or 24% and deterioration times of 12, 24 and 36 hours. The experimental design for seedling emergence tests was also completely randomized but used four replicates of 50 seeds. The data were statistically analyzed for each combination of SWC and deterioration period separately and the means compared by the Tukey test (p≤0.05). Simple correlation analysis was run using the data from seed laboratory tests and seedling emergence. The results indicate that SWC adjustment should be carried out only using the moist substrate method. Physiological potential of beetroot seeds can be evaluated using the controlled deterioration test with parameters of 45 o C, 24 hours and 22% SWC.