The knowledge of school teachers in Colombia about emergency dental trauma management is inadequate. The findings strongly suggest a need for an education strategy with the involvement of the government, dentistry schools and private organizations.

One of the main biosecurity problems facing banana crops is black Sigatoka disease, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis. Disease control is achieved mainly by chemical sprays and generates more than 50% of the costs of production, with a trend to increase due to the rapid resistance that the fungus acquires to the main fungicide molecules. Thus, it is very important to acquire information on the molecular mechanisms of the plant–pathogen interactions in this pathosystem as a way to help design future control strategies. Hormonal plant responses of banana genotypes susceptible and resistant to P. fijiensis were identified and analysed in this work by transcriptomic (RNA‐Seq and RT‐qPCR) and metabolomic studies (ultraperformance liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy). Differentially expressed genes related to signal transduction and biosynthesis pathways of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) were identified in the resistant variety Calcutta 4 during the early stage of interaction with P. fijiensis. Metabolomic analysis corroborated the induction of metabolites related to JA and ET pathways during the first 72 hr post‐inoculation. Observed results are evidence that signalling via JA/ET could be key in the activation of defence response signals in the resistant variety Calcutta 4.

This research determined the effect of four nitrogen (N) doses on the nutritional behavior of (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), respectively, in banana Williams, during five plant development stages and two productive cycles. The treatments were as follows: 1) absolute control, 2) 0 N, 3) 161 kg N ha-1, 4) 321.8 kg N ha-1 and 5) 483 kg N ha-1, respectively. A multivariate approach of the differences among cycles was used to adjust the models and eliminate their individual effect, with a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements over time. There were significant differences among plant development stages, with an increase in nutrient accumulation in the banana plant, there were no differences among treatments or blocks, nor in the interaction block by treatment, but the dose of 321.8 kg of N, exhibited a fructification increase in terms of N accumulation, harvest was exceeded by the dose of 483 kg of nitrogen, Ca and Mg, were the other nutrients, which showed effect at the dose of 483 kg of N but increasing only to harvest. It was concluded that high doses of nitrogen showed a trend to increase nutrient accumulation during the development of the banana plant, but especially until fructification, with the exception of Ca and Mg, which achieved the greatest accumulation in harvest.

The production of bananas (Musa AAA Simmonds, cv. Williams) for export in the Uraba area of Colombia represents economic and social benefits for the country, demanding improvements in agronomic practices, especially fertilization. The objective of this research was to evaluate plant height, leaf area and number of leaves in banana cv. Williams in two production cycles to adjust fertilizer recommendations according to the needs of the plants in the development phase. A sixth-generation crop was used, which was evaluated during five stages of development and two consecutive production cycles in 2011 and 2012. The multivariate approach was used for the analysis of variance of the repeated measures design, with two factors between subjects (fertilization and repetitions) and one intra-subject factor associated with the production cycle. The linear models were adjusted according to the phenological stage determined as when the vegetative structures were present, simultaneously evaluating responses in plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. The effect of N doses on the developmental stages of the banana for production cycle and between cycles indicated that the doses of 321.8 and 483 kg ha-1 had the best yield. The dose of 483 kg ha-1 was the best one since it resulted in the highest plant growth.

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar los factores que explican la relación entre principal y agente (P-A) en una institución de educación superior (IES) de carácter privado en la ciudad de Manizales. El estudio se fundamentó en las bases conceptuales de la corriente neoinstitucional, enmarcada en modelos microeconómicos y neoliberales, interpretados a la luz de la teoría de la agencia. La medición de los factores que explican la relación P-A se dio a través del análisis de datos, y así fue posible confirmar las hipótesis planteadas. La relación P-A en la IES de estudio se explica más por factores motivacionales externos e internos que por el factor salario. Los resultados aseveran la importancia de la alineación de los objetivos para mejorar la eficiencia en la institución.

<p align="justify">El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar los factores que explican la relación entre principal y agente en seis instituciones de la ciudad de Manizales, pertenecientes a diferentes sectores de la economía. El estudio se fundamenta en las bases conceptuales de la corriente neoinstitucional, enmarcada en modelos microeconómicos y neoliberales interpretados a la luz de la teoría de la agencia. La metodología de estudio es de caso múltiple como estrategia de investigación, porque centra su interés en un determinado número de casos en el que cada uno tiene identidad propia. Los factores que determinan la relación principal-agente en las seis instituciones se explican por el contrato, los incentivos y controles, y se identifican factores motivacionales tanto intrínsecos como extrínsecos.</p>

La gimnasia artística es un deporte que involucra en gran medida funciones ejecutivas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento (Mentality) sobre variables cognitivas (tiempos de reacción, toma de decisiones y el volumen de la atención) en los deportistas pertenecientes a la selección colombiana de gimnasia artística masculina. Es un estudio de series de casos con evaluación pre y post intervención, se aplicó el programa mentality en el sitio de entrenamiento de los deportistas y en el laboratorio de psicología del deporte de la Ciudad de Cúcuta Colombia. 8 gimnastas la media de edad fue de 21,6 años ±1,06 años. Se aplicaron los test de volumen de la atención, de toma de decisiones y el speed react. Se encontraron como resultados que al comparar las variables psicológicas hubo mejoría en los resultados del post frente al pre, se resalta que estas diferencias son estadísticamente significativas para todas las variables. Se concluye como una adaptación importante o automatización en su proceso atencional, que les conllevo a mejorar la selección de los estímulos relevantes para la práctica de su deporte e inhibir aquella información que no representa relevancia para la práctica del mismo; como resultado, aumentó la capacidad de los deportistas para tomar decisiones rápidas y acertadas al momento de la competencia.

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