Eight multiparous Holstein cows averaging 570 +/- 43 kg of body weight and 60 +/- 20 d in milk were used in a double Latin square design with four 21-d experimental periods to determine the effects of feeding ground or whole flaxseed with or without monensin supplementation (0.02% on a dry matter basis) on milk production and composition, feed intake, digestion, blood composition, and fatty acid profile of milk. Intake of dry matter was similar among treatments. Cows fed whole flaxseed had higher digestibility of acid detergent fiber but lower digestibilities of crude protein and ether extract than those fed ground flaxseed; monensin had no effect on digestibility. Milk production tended to be greater for cows fed ground flaxseed (22.8 kg/d) compared with those fed whole flaxseed (21.4 kg/d). Processing of flax-seed had no effect on 4% fat-corrected milk yield and milk protein and lactose concentrations. Monensin supplementation had no effect on milk production but decreased 4% fat-corrected milk yield as a result of a decrease in milk fat concentration. Feeding ground compared with whole flaxseed decreased concentrations of 16:0, 17:0, and cis6-20:4 and increased those of cis6-18:2, cis9, trans11-18:2, and cis3-18:3 in milk fat. As a result, there was a decrease in concentrations of medium-chain and saturated fatty acids and a trend for higher concentrations of long-chain fatty acids in milk fat when feeding ground compared with whole flaxseed. Monensin supplementation increased concentrations of cis9 and trans11-18:2 and decreased concentrations of saturated fatty acids in milk fat. There was an interaction between flaxseed processing and monensin supplementation, with higher milk fat concentration of trans11-18:1 for cows fed ground flaxseed with monensin than for those fed the other diets. Flaxseed processing and monensin supplementation successfully modified the fatty acid composition of milk fat that might favor nutritional value for consumers.

The reduction of milk production caused by subclinical mastitis in dairy cows was evaluated through the regression of test-day milk yield on log-transformed somatic cell counts (LnSCC). Official test-day records (n = 1,688,054) of Holstein cows (n = 87,695) were obtained from 719 herds from January 2010 to December 2015. Editing was performed to ensure both reliability and consistency for the statistical analysis, and the final data set comprised 232,937 test-day records from 31,692 Holstein cows in 243 herds. A segmented regression was fitted to estimate the cutoff point in the LnSCC scale where milk yield started to be affected by mastitis. The statistical model used to explain daily milk yield included the effect of herd as a random effect and days in milk and LnSCC as fixed effects regressions, and analyses were performed by parity and stage of lactation. The cutoff point where milk yield starts to be affected by changes in LnSCC was estimated to be around 2.52 (the average of all estimates of approximately 12,400 cells/mL) for Holsteins cows from Brazilian herds. For first-lactation cows, milk losses per unit increase of LnSCC had estimates around 0.68 kg/d in the beginning of the lactation [5 to 19 d in milk (DIM)], 0.55 kg/d in mid-lactation (110 to 124 DIM), and 0.97 kg/d at the end of the lactation (289 to 304 DIM). For second-lactation cows, milk losses per unit increase of LnSCC had estimates around 1.47 kg/d in the beginning of the lactation (5 to 19 DIM), 1.09 kg/d in mid-lactation (110 to 124 DIM), and 2.45 kg/d at the end of the lactation (289 to 304 DIM). For third-lactation cows, milk losses per unit increase of LnSCC had estimates around 2.22 kg/d in the beginning of the lactation (5 to 19 DIM), 1.13 kg/d in mid-lactation (140 to 154 DIM), and 2.65 kg/d at the end of the lactation (289 to 304 DIM). Daily milk losses caused by increased LnSCC were dependent on parity and stage of lactation, and these factors should be considered when estimating losses associated with subclinical mastitis.

-The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and milk yield, fat and protein contents, breed and season effects, parity and days in milk in dairy cows from Paraná State, Brazil. collected during the winter were higher than those collected in the other seasons. The effects of the lactation stage on MUN were significant, with the highest MUN values observed in the sixth month of lactation. High-producing dairy cows showed higher milk urea concentrations but several environmental factors may contribute to reduce this important parameter of diet utilization efficiency.

RESUMO -O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a curva de lactação e a qualidade do leite de cabras Saanen recebendo rações com diferentes relações volumoso:concentrado. Foram utilizadas 20 cabras (59,59 kg ± 6,97) em lactação, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco relações volumoso:concentrado nas rações (40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 e 80:20), correspondentes a 2,95; 2,83; 2,70; 2,58 e 2,46 Mcal de EM/kg MS. Os animais permaneceram alojados, durante 152 dias, em baias individuais com controle diário da ração ingerida e da produção de leite. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o peso vivo (kg) das cabras. A ingestão de matéria seca (kg/dia) variou ao longo do ciclo produtivo. A produção de leite foi influenciada pelos tratamentos, de modo que a ração com maior concentração energética proporcionou maior produção de leite. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para os constituintes do leite, a produção inicial, a taxa de acréscimo de produção até o pico de lactação e a taxa de declínio de produção após o pico. No entanto, foi observado efeito linear negativo para o dia de produção no pico e a produção no pico. A relação volumoso:concentrado com maior concentração energética melhora o desempenho produtivo dos animais, sem alterar a qualidade do leite.Palavras-chave: cabra leiteira, ingestão, níveis energéticos, peso vivo Lactation Curve and Milk Quality of Saanen Goats Fed Diets with DifferentForage:Concentrate Ratios ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate the lactation curve and milk quality of Saanen goats receiving diets with different forage:concentrate ratios. Twenty goats averaging 59.59 ± 6.97 kg of body weight were assigned to a completely randomized design. The following forage:concentrate ratios were used: 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, or 80:20 and provided 2.95, 2.83, 2.70, 2.58, or 2.46 Mcal ME/kg DM, respectively. Animals were confined during 152 days in individual stalls with daily measurements of intake and milk yield. Body weight of goats fed increasing levels of forage did not change significantly in this trial but the opposite was observed for DM intake (kg/day) with the progress of lactation. Milk yield also was affected by treatments; in fact, milk production was highest in the diet with the greatest energy content. However, different forage:concentrate ratios did not affect milk components, initial milk yield, incremental production rate until lactation peak, and decline production rate after lactation peak. Conversely, day that goats reached peak production and production at peak were both reduced linearly when forage was increased in the diet. The diet with the greatest forage:concentrate ratio and energy level improved animal production with no compromise of milk quality.

-The effects of inactive dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from sugar cane were studied in 18 primiparus Saanen dairy goats (51.07±1.43) on dry matter intake and digestibility, milk production and quality. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized design during 90 days (from day 60 of milking). Diets were composed of soybean meal; soybean meal + dry yeast; or dry yeast, as protein sources, and ground corn, mineral supplement and corn silage (40%). Animals fed the dry yeast diet showed lower intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber. Diets did not influence milk yield; however the milk production efficiency (kg of milk produced/kg of crude protein ingested) was better in goats fed the dry yeast diet. Acidity, somatic cell counts and milk urea nitrogen values were not affected by treatments. Animals fed the soybean + dry yeast diet had higher fat and total solids than those fed the dry yeast diet. The digestibility of DM, OM and total carbohydrate was lower for soybean only and soybean + dry yeast diets.Total digestible nutrients were higher for dry yeast and soy bean diets than soybean + dry yeast diet. Dry yeast from sugar cane is a good alternative protein source for feeding lactating dairy goats and can be recommended because it maintains the production performance.

S. 2005. Milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed Lac100 ® or whole flaxseed. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 85: 413-416. Cows were fed whole flaxseed or calcium salts of soybean oil as a fat source. Cows fed flaxseed had lower (P < 0.01) milk yield and higher (P < 0.01) percentages of fat and protein than cows fed calcium salts. Feeding whole flaxseed and calcium salts of soybean oil increased, respectively, the concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in milk.

RESUMO:Avaliou-se os efeitos de meio sobre a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e logarítmico da contagem bacteriana total (logCBT) de amostras de tanque individuais, comunitário e latões coletadas pelas indústrias, analisadas pelo Laboratório da Qualidade do Leite (LQL) ). Resultados evidenciam a necessidade pelos produtores, técnicos e indústrias de reavaliarem seus procedimentos de higiene dos equipamentos de ordenha, resfriamento, temperatura e tempo de armazenagem do leite, melhorando a qualidade microbiológica do leite. Palavras-chave: ano de análise; escore da contagem de células somáticas; idade da amostra; mês de análise; região de análise ABSTRACT:. The effects of environment on total bacterial count (TBC) and logarithmic of total bacterial count (logCBT) of individual tank samples, community and cans collected by industries, analyzed by the Milk Quality Laboratory (LQL) the Paranaense Association Cattle breeders of Holstein (APCBRH) -Curitiba, PR were evaluated. Were analyzed 680 102 milk samples from January 2012 to May 2014 in ten regions. The estimated averages, standard deviation and coefficient of variation for CBT, logCBT and sample age were 1,307,000 ± 1.859 million (CFU / mL), 136.7%; 5.89 ± 1.93 (log10UFCxmL-1), 29.5% ± 1.48 and 2.95 days, respectively. The effects included in the mathematical model influenced significantly (p <0.01) the variables studied. Lower values for logCBT occurred in late winter and spring (ranging from 5.36 and 5.47 (log10UFCxmL-1)). Over the years, there was a decrease in values (5.66 to 5.51 (log10UFCxmL-1)). The region significantly influenced the logCBT (p <0.01), recording the lowest average of 3.64 in Campo Mourao and the highest 6.44 (log10UFCxmL-1) in the Metropolitan of Curitiba, justified by different levels of technologies adopted in differents regions. The score of Somatic Cell Count (ECS) influenced significantly (p <0.01) the CBT and the logCBT. When the age of the sample varied from zero to two days logCBT increased from 5.46 to 5.66 (x log10 CFU ml-1) and from three to seven days decreased from 5.66 to 5.57 (x log10 CFU ml-1). Results show the need for producers, technicians and industry reassess their hygiene procedures of milking equipment, cooling, temperature and milk storage time, improving the microbiological quality of milk.

The effects of farm, parity (PO)