The aim of the present literature review is threefold. (1) We will review theories, models, and studies on symptomatic hyperactivity and motoric activity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (2) Another focus will be on assessment methods that have been proven to be effective in the detection of hyperactivity and motoric activity in children, adolescents, and adults with and without ADHD and emerging areas of research in the field of ADHD. We will compare subjective methods (i.e., rating scales) and objective methods (i.e., accelerometers). (3) Finally, physical activity intervention studies aiming at a modification of activity and overactive behavior will be summarized that seem to be promising candidates for alleviating hyperactivity symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD.

The study demonstrates that adolescents' ADHD symptoms fluctuate from day to day and highlights the need for intensive diagnostic processes with repeated symptom assessments and interventions that address symptom fluctuations.

This study encourages the development of individually tailored physical activity interventions that could help adolescents enhance their daily amount of unstructured, self-initiated MVPA to reduce depressed affect. This approach may be particularly suitable for young women who have the highest risk for an inactive lifestyle and elevated depressed affect.

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Empirical evidence suggests that working memory (WM) is closely related to arithmetic performance. WM, which is the ability to monitor and update recent information, underlies various cognitive processes and behaviors including planning, self-regulation, and self-control. However, only a few studies have examined whether WM uniquely explains variance in arithmetic performance when other WM-related domain-general factors are taken into account. In this study, we examined whether WM explains unique variance in arithmetic performance when planning, self-regulation, and self-control are considered as well. We used the Tower of London task as a measure of planning, selfrated reports as a measure of self-regulation and self-control, and WM measures, to test which of these domain-general functions predicts complex multiplication performance. Results showed that planning predicted multiplication accuracy and self-control predicted response time, while WM and self-regulation did not predict complex multiplication performance. Although WM was not a direct predictor of multiplication performance, it possibly exerted its influence as part of planning ability. We suggest that complex multiplication is not predicted by WM per se, but rather by WM-related general cognitive and behavioral factors, namely self-control and the planning component of executive functions.Keywords: arithmetic performance, multiplication, executive functions, planning, working memory, self-regulation, self-control Journal of Numerical Cognition, 2017, Vol. 3(2), 441-467, doi:10.5964/jnc.v3i2.61 Received: 2016-06-06. Accepted: 2017-03-02. Published (VoR): 2017-12-22.Handling Editors: Silke Goebel, University of York, York, United Kingdom; André Knops, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany *Corresponding author at: University of Tübingen, Schleichstr. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. E-mail: parvin.nemati@uni-tuebingen.de This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.People use numerical skills in their everyday life in various situations such as shopping or paying bills at restaurants. About 20% of adults do not achieve basic levels of mathematic competence required for these life skills (Williams, 2003). This mathematical incompetence leads to lower income and less financial security in life (Butterworth, Varma, & Laurillard, 2011;Parsons & Bynner, 2005). Therefore, it is worthwhile to examine the factors that can lead to this incompetence. Two groups of factors that influence mathematical skills have been described in the literature. One group consists of domain-specific factors, such as the approximate number system (e.g., Libertus, Feigenson, & Halberda, 2011; for review see Dietrich, Huber, & Nuerk, 2015) or spatialnumerical associations (e.g., Siegler & Opfer, 2003; but see Cipor...

Objective: Negative affect in daily life is linked to poorer mental and physical health. Activity could serve as an effective, low-cost intervention to improve affect. However, few prior studies have assessed physical activity and affect in everyday life, limiting the ecological validity of prior findings. This study investigates whether daily activity is associated with negative and positive evening affect in young adults.Design: Young adults (N = 189, Mdn = 23.00) participated in an intensive longitudinal study over 10 consecutive days.Main Outcome Measures: Participants wore accelerometers to objectively assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity continuously throughout the day and reported their affect in time-stamped online evening diaries before going to sleep.Results: On days when participants engaged in more activity than usual, they reported not only less depressed and angry evening affect but also more vigor and serenity in the evening.Conclusion: Young adults showed both less negative and more positive affect on days with more activity. Physical activity is a promising health promotion strategy for physical and mental well-being. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Introduction How we feel is crucial for mental and physical health. Transient and subjective episodes of feelings that can be easily changed by context constitute affect (Cranford et al., 2006). Negative affect (e.g., depressed, angry, and anxious affect) in everyday life is associated with poorer mental and physical health (Charles, Piazza, Mogle, Sliwinski, & Almeida, 2013; Kiecolt-Glaser, McGuire, Robles, & Glaser, 2002). Positive affect (e.g., vigor, serenity) in everyday life is associated with, for instance, longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011).Short-term fluctuations in negative and positive affect from day to day or within days are a common phenomenon (Eid & Diener, 1999). In addition, during early adulthood (between 20 and 30 years of age), negative affect is reported more frequently (Stone, Schwartz, Broderick, & Deaton, 2010) and positive affect is lower than in later adulthood (Carstensen et al., 2011). Because of the association between affect in everyday life and health, this age group is the focus of the present study. Identifying processes that may help young adults improve their everyday affective experiences is important for both individuals (e.g., to improve health and well-being) and for society (e.g., to reduce health care costs) and may have benefits for health promotion. Prior studies on the association between physical activity and affectPhysical activity is "any bodily movement […] healthy samples: Conn, 2010). Importantly, the intensity and frequency of physical activity seem to moderate the effect on affect (Dunn, Trivedi, & O'Neal, 2001).Engaging regularly in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has been linked to...

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