A adolescência é um período de risco para o desenvolvimento da sintomatologia depressiva, com a regulação emocional e a qualidade do relacionamento com os pais a desempenharem um papel importante no desenvolvimento da Depressão. OBJETIVO(S): Analisar longitudinalmente os efeitos preditores das estratégias de regulação emocional e da qualidade do relacionamento com os pais na sintomatologia depressiva. METODOLOGIA Um total de 566 adolescentes com 13-17 anos de idade preencheram questionários em dois momentos de avaliação, com um intervalo de 6 meses. RESULTADOS: Após o controlo dos efeitos do género, as estratégias de regulação emocional e a qualidade do relacionamento com os pais (T1) explicaram 36% e 21,9% da variância da sintomatologia depressiva (T2), respetivamente. A autocrítica, a catastrofização e a ruminação foram preditoras positivas e significativas, e a reavaliação positiva e o replaneamento foram preditoras negativas significativas. Uma maior perceção de conflito nos relacionamentos com os pais e uma menor perceção de suporte no relacionamento com a mãe previu níveis mais elevados de sintomatologia depressiva. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apresentam implicações na prevenção e no tratamento da Depressão na adolescência, tais como abordar o uso de estratégias maladaptativas de regulação emocional e a existência de conflito no relacionamento com os pais, e aumentar os efeitos protetores associados às estratégias adaptativas de regulação emocional e à perceção de qualidades positivas nos relacionamentos.
Background
Positive touch experiences have proved to be extremely important throughout our lifespan, with cascading effects on our social life. However, few questionnaires are available to measure attitudes and experiences of touch in the Portuguese population. This study aimed to translate and validate the European Portuguese version of the Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire (TEAQ), as a reliable and valid instrument to measure different aspects of affective touch experiences and attitudes.
Methods
Therefore, an online sample of 384 (299 females and 85 males) participants, aged between 18 and 75 years (M = 24.59; SD = 9.56) was collected. Multidimensional Rasch model and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out, and also reliability and convergent and discriminant validity were determined. In addition, we examined sex differences in attitudes and experiences of touch.
Results
Results showed good fit indexes for the 52-item six-factor model structure (friends and family touch, current intimate touch, childhood touch, attitudes to self-care, attitudes to intimate touch, and attitudes to unfamiliar touch). This instrument also showed good reliability and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Significant sex differences were found, with female participants reporting more positive touch experiences (including childhood touch, friends and family touch, and current intimate touch) and a more favourable attitude to self-care, with males showing a more positive attitude towards unfamiliar touch. Regarding attitudes towards the intimate touch, scores for both groups were comparable.
Conclusion
Overall, the European Portuguese version of the TEAQ presented good psychometric properties and appears to be a reliable and valid self-report measure, being a useful and beneficial instrument in research and clinical settings.
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