Resumo A influência das interações pais-bebê no desenvolvimento social e afetivo infantil tem sido objeto de estudo de numerosos trabalhos nas últimas três décadas. Neste artigo, examina-se, de um ponto de vista teórico e metodológico, a evolução dos estudos na área das interações pais-bebês, particularmente no campo da clínica. Aponta-se também para os temas de pesquisa que têm se revelado promissores no estudo das interações pais-bebê. Palavras-chave: Interação; pais-bebê; desenvolvimento sócio-emocional.
Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all societies worldwide. The heightened levels of stress that accompanied the crisis were also expected to affect parenting in many families. Since it is known that high levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to a condition that has severe consequences for health and well-being, we examined whether the prevalence of parental burnout in 26 countries (9,923 parents; 75% mothers; mean age 40) increased during COVID-19 compared to few years before the pandemic. In most (but not all) countries, analyses showed a significant increase in the prevalence of parental burnout during the pandemic. The results further revealed that next to governmental measures (e.g., number of days locked down, homeschooling) and factors at the individual and family level (e.g., gender, number of children), parents in less (vs. more) indulgent countries suffered more from parental burnout. The findings suggest that stricter norms regarding their parenting roles and duties in general and during the pandemic in particular might have increased their levels of parental burnout.
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level and beyond economic disparities at the societal level. These findings show the importance of egalitarian values and gender equality and their paradoxical effect when inequalities are still present in specific areas as parenting. This study reveals the crucial need to act not only at the micro level but also at the macro level to promote gender equality in parenting and prevent parental burnout.
Résumé Le placement d’enfants en famille d’accueil peut susciter des questions concernant la façon dont l’enfant placé construit ses repères familiaux. Cet article propose une réflexion autour du sentiment d’appartenance familiale ou d’affiliation chez des enfants placés, et en particulier, de l’influence de l’âge de l’enfant lors du placement sur le développement du sentiment d’affiliation. Le sentiment d’affiliation ou d’appartenance familiale semble être un élément fondateur du sentiment de sécurité et de l’identité de l’enfant qui évolue en parallèle avec les relations d’attachement au cours des premières années de la vie. Les auteurs discutent l’hypothèse selon laquelle un enfant placé en famille d’accueil précocement, avant l’âge de trois ans, aurait tendance à s’affilier à sa famille d’accueil plutôt qu’à sa famille biologique. A l’inverse, un enfant placé après l’âge de trois ans aurait tendance à s’affilier à sa famille d’origine. Quatre outils ont été employés afin d’explorer cette question auprès d’enfants placés par l’Aide Sociale à l’Enfance : le test du dessin de la famille, le Children Apperception Test (CAT), l’entretien clinique et l’étude du dossier social. Deux illustrations cliniques témoignent des processus en jeu dans l’affiliation d’enfants placés pendant ou après leur petite enfance.
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