<p><strong>Abstrak</strong>. Kebutuhan beras nasional<strong> </strong>meningkat dari tahun ke tahun akibat pertambahan penduduk, peningkatan kebutuhan energi harian individu, dan masih rendahnya diversifikasi konsumsi sumber karbohidrat serta keinginan untuk menjadi lumbung pangan dunia (LPD) pada tahun 2045. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi padi nasional adalah melalui perluasan areal tanam dengan memanfaatkan lahan rawa pasang surut yang luasnya mencapai 8,92 juta hektare. Peningkatan luas tanam padi di lahan rawa pasang surut diantaranya dapat dilakukan melalui pembukaan lahan baru, baik dengan memanfaatkan lahan sawah terlantar maupun yang belum dimanfaatkan. Akan tetapi pembukaan lahan baru sering dihadapkan pada keracunan besi, sehingga tanaman padi tidak tumbuh dan berproduksi secara optimal. Keracunan besi dapat menurunkan produksi padi 30-100%, tergantung ketahanan varietas, intensitas keracunan, fase pertumbuhan, dan status kesuburan tanah. Keracunan besi merupakan penyakit fisiologis tanaman dengan penyebab utama adalah konsentrasi Fe<sup>2+</sup> yang tinggi dalam larutan tanah karena kondisi reduktif. Hal itu terkait dengan drainase yang jelek, nilai Eh yang rendah, defisiensi K, Ca, Mg, P, Zn, dan Mn, dan oksigen tanah yang rendah. Pengendalian keracunan besi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas padi di lahan rawa pasang surut bukaan baru dapat dilakukan melalui teknologi pengelolaan air, ameliorasi, pemupukan, pengaturan waktu tanam, dan penggunaan varietas yang toleran.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abtract</strong>. <em>National rice demand is increasing from year to year due to population growth, increasing individual daily energy needs, and the low diversification of consumption of carbohydrate sources and the desire to become a world food barn (LPD) in 2045. One effort to increase national rice production is through expansion planting area utilizing tidal swamp land which covers an area of 8.92 million hectares. Increasing the area of rice planting in tidal swamps can be done through the opening of new land, either by using abandoned or untapped rice fields. However, new land clearing is often faced with iron poisoning, so that rice plants do not grow and produce optimally. Iron poisoning can reduce rice production by 30-100%, depending on the variety resistance, poisoning intensity, growth phase, and soil fertility status. Iron poisoning is a physiological disease of plants with the main cause being high concentrations of Fe <sup>2+</sup> in soil solutions due to reductive conditions. This is related to poor drainage, low Eh values, deficiency of K, Ca, Mg, P, Zn, and Mn, and low soil oxygen. Control of iron poisoning to increase rice productivity in the new openings tidal swamps can be done through water management technology, amelioration, fertilization, planting time management, and the use of tolerant varieties.</em></p>
Abstract. Mursyidin DH, Khairullah I. 2020. Genetic evaluation of tidal swamp rice from South Kalimantan, Indonesia based on the agro-morphological markers. Biodiversitas 21: 4795-4803. A total of 71 cultivars of the tidal swamp rice (Oryza sativa L.), originated mainly from South Kalimantan, Indonesia, were evaluated agro-morphologically by using 26 qualitative and 13 quantitative traits. Based on these traits, this germplasm is generally low in diversity. However, three agro-morphological traits, namely the tillering abilities, seedling height, and diameter of the basal internode, shows the relatively highest diversity, shown by the Lakatan Putih, Pandak Putih, and Bayar Papuyu, respectively. The UPGMA and PCA revealed that this germplasm divided into six main clusters, where the sixth cluster is the largest with a total membership of 60 cultivars. The cluster analysis also revealed that Lakatan Siam is far separate from other cultivars. Thus, this finding might be useful in the future rice breeding programs, particularly in developing new rice cultivar for the tidal swamp areas.
Indonesia has a wet tropical climate which is part of its territory crossed by the equator. The rice planting period in Indonesia follows the climatic conditions generally divided into two planting seasons, namely the rainy season from October to March and the dry season from April to September. Almost every 3 to 5 years extreme climate changes occur namely El-Nino and La-Nina which have an impact on rice production. Nationally, the extreme climate phenomenon above showed the effect on rice production. El-Nino during the year 1970–2010 was reported to cause a decrease in rice production around -4.08%, while La-Nina in the same period caused an increase in production by about 1.78%. However, the two extreme climatic conditions had reduced rice productivity by -0.50% and -0.65%, respectively. Most of the tidal swamplands have long been cleared and used for the cultivation of lowland rice. In an effort to optimize tidal swampland as a source of rice production in the future, several strategic actions are needed. The purpose of this paper is to uncover the effects of extreme climate change (El-Nino and La-Nina) on rice production and productivity in tidal swamplands and strategic efforts to overcome the decline in rice production due to the extreme climate changes.
<p>Masa depan pangan Indonesia ada di lahan rawa. Pembukaan rawa untuk produksi pangan oleh pemerintah melalui Proyek Pembukaan Persawahan Pasang Surut (P4S) tahun 1969-1984 yang disebut sistem reklamasi garpu dan sisir membawa Indonesia swasembada tahun 1985, sekalipun pasokan utama produksi dari lahan irigasi. Disusul Proyek Pengembangan Lahan Gambut (PLG) di Kalimantan Tengah tahun 1995-1999 bersamaan saat impor beras 2-3 juta ton per tahun, namun kemudian, di tengah kecaman, Proyek PLG dihentikan pada tahun 1999. Pandemik Covid 19 membuat pemerintah menginisiasi pengembangan <em>Food Estate</em> lahan rawa di Kalimantan Tengah tahun 2021-2023. Luas lahan rawa sekitar 32,64-33,39 juta hektar, diantaranya 14-19 juta hektar sesuai untuk pertanian. Hanya saja baru 6,90 juta hektar yang dimanfaatkan diantaranya 2,90 juta hektar untuk padi dan masih tersedia seluas 27,60 juta hektar yang belum direklamasi dari luas total rawa dan 0,84 juta hektar yang belum dimanfaatkan dari 2,90 juta hektar yang telah direklamasi. Produktivitas padi di lahan rawa yang dicapai petani masih rendah (2-3 t/ha)sementara dari hasil penelitian mencapai 4,5-7,5 t/ha. Kendala budidaya padi di lahan rawa antara lain kemasaman tanah yang tinggi, kualitas air jelek, unsur dan senyawa toksik, kahat hara makro dan mikro, serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman. Pendekatan pengembangan rawa memerlukan penanganan yang terpadu dan spesifik lokasi. Implementasi program yang dilaksanakan pemerintah memberikan pelajaran bahwa pengembangan pertanian, khususnya padi memerlukan dukungan infrastruktur tata air, perencanaan sistem produksi, kelembagaan manajemen, dan langkah implementasi yang cepat dan tepat. Beberapa catatan menunjukkan pendekatan pengelolaan masih bersifat parsial, tidak terintegrasi, tanpa <em>road map</em> dan target yang jelas, manajemen dan kelembagaan petani masih lemah, sehingga dampak terhadap kesejahteraan petani masih belum tercapai. Tulisan ini mengemukakan tentang perjalanan penelitian dan pengembangan lahan rawa selama 53 tahun meliputi dinamika kegiatan pengembangan, peluang, kendala dan pembelajaran dari petani pada pengembangan kawasan <em>food estate</em> di Kalimantan Tengah. </p>
Increasing rice productivity in acid sulfate soil of tidal swampland face several obstacles, including iron toxicity that can reduce rice growth and yield. This paper describes how to control iron toxicity for increasing rice productivity in acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands based on the research results. Iron toxicity control could be done through water management, amelioration and fertilizer application and using high yielding varieties (HYV’s) tolerant. Water management intermittently one week combined with delay planting 14 to 21 days increased rice growth and yield higher than that of being flooded continuously and flushing system. Amelioration using 5 t ha−1 of straw and Eleocharis dulcis compost increased rice growth and yield 16.4% compared with dolomite 2 t ha−1. Fertilizer 90 kg ha−1 N, 60 to 90 kg ha−1 P2O5 and 100 to 125 kg ha−1 K2O combined with seed treatment using CaO 75% of seed weight increased yield. Using HYV’s such as Margasari, Mendawak, Inpara 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 also increased rice yield up to 31% compared with Margasari. By combining water management, amelioration and fertilizer application, using tolerant varities rice coud increase so that rice production can be significantly increased at acid sulfate soils of tidal swamplands.
Weather phenomenon and erratic rainfall are some of the symptoms of global climate change. These challenges attempt to increase rice production in tidal swamps or submerge land in the long term. An effort to form tolerant rice varieties to stress in tidal swampland has been carried out through crossing between superior varieties and local rice. This study aims to analyze the results of several promising rice lines and search for the potential rice lines to be released as new tidal swampland varieties. The experiment was carried out in tidal swamp rice area centers, in Karang Agung, South Sumatra, Balandean, South Kalimantan and in Indramayu, West Java Indonesia. Fourteen rice lines and four check varieties namely IR42, IR64, Inpara 8 and Inpara 9 were used. Field experiments used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Results showed that the environment, genotype, and interaction between environmental genotypes had a significant influence on all characters. The appearances of the lines were superior in Karang Agung and less well on Balandean. The yield was positively correlated with plant height, the number of productive tillers and filled grains per panicle. There were five lines with a high yield equivalent to the best check varieties, namely Inpara 9, IR 102860-8: 66-BB, IR 102860-8: 42-BB, IR 101465-8: 23, IR 101465-5: 25, and B13522E-KA-5-B.
Tidal swampland at present and in the future is very strategic as one of the national food barns considering sloping of productive land. In South Kalimantan, for example, tidal swamp paddy fields are available which is quite large, but the most are still planted with local varieties. More than 70% of rice cultivation in the tidal swampland is planted with various local varieties. The existence of local rice varieties is inseparable from its adaptability and acceptability factors. Among local varieties that are popular and widely planted by farmers are Siam Saba and Siam Mutiara varieties. Siam Saba and Siam Mutiara were released as local-improved varieties. Both of these varieties have their respective advantages, both from the distribution of plant adaptation and the potential benefits of yield. Siam Saba variety is widespread in tidal swampland of acid sulfate soil types and soils that are seawater intrusion in the dry season (near the coast) with A/B overflow type, while Siam Mutiara in acid sulfate tidal paddy fields with B / C overflow type. Some of the advantages of Siam Saba compared to other local varieties are high yield potential of 4.70 t / ha, a large number of tillers, small and slender grain shape, white rice color, and amylose content of 81.69%. Whereas improved of Siam Mutiara is high yield potential of 4.80 t / ha, the color of clean yellow grain, the color of clear and translucent rice such as pearl, and amylose content of 48.88%. Both varieties showed uniform in growth, flowering time, and ripening simultaneously, in mature panicles with almost no green grains, and a high percentage of unfertile grains. Local rice cultivation technology (Siam Saba and Siam Mutiara) indigenous knowledge here includes seedbed, transplanting, land preparation, fertilizing, pest disease control, harvest, and post-harvest processing or yields carried out by indigenous farmers. This indigenous cultivation technology until now in tidal swamp paddy fields of South Kalimantan is still widely practiced by farmers, especially for ownership of narrow or limited rice fields. There were advantages and disadvantages of each in the practice of indigenous cultivation technology.
The local rice varieties of tidal swampland dominate paddy fields in South Kalimantan. Differences in varieties are found with various names as Siam, Bayar, Pandak, and Lemo. This paper reviews of studies related to the local rice of tidal swampland in South Kalimantan. The paper aims to describe the agronomic and morphologic characteristics of the local rice varieties. Data obtained from research was carried out at acid sulfate soils of tdal swampland in South Kalimantan. Characterization of the local rice varieties is carried out based on the Standard Evaluation System for Rice IRRI on agronomic traits, morphological character, grain quality including Fe and Zn content in brown rice, abiotic and biotic stress plant. The observed characters showed that several local rice varieties of tidal swamplands had good or superior characters so that it can be used as crossing material in breeding programs to improve new varieties (HYV’s) that are adaptable in the soil problem and acceptable by farmers and consumers at tidal swamplands. The new HYV’s can also increase rice production and productivity and increase markets demand at tidal swamplands of South Kalimantan.
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