9%), with means ± SD unstimulated salivary flow rate of 0.15 ± 0.1 mL/min compared to 0.36 ± 0.2 mL/min for group B (P < 0.01). Stimulated salivary flow rate was similar by both groups and above 2.0 mL/min. Saliva pH was 6.0 ± 0.8 for group A and significantly different from 7.0 ± 0.6 for group B (P < 0.01). Salivary calcium was 14.7 ± 8.1 mg/L for group A and significantly higher than 9.9 ± 6.4 mg/L for group B (P < 0.01). Except for elevated calcium concentrations in saliva, salivary parameters favoring caries such as low saliva pH and unstimulated salivary flow rate were observed in T1DM individuals.]]>

It can be concluded that the pediatric medicines studied have a high SC and low pH, which vary according to therapeutic class, daily dose, and brand. Caution about dental caries, dental erosion, and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus is warranted when these medicines are ingested frequently.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of cavities among adolescents in public and private schools in João Pessoa, Paraíba State, Brazil, comparing the DMFT in terms of gender and age, as well as education levels and quality among mothers in these two types of schools. The sample consisted of 3,330 adolescents between twelve and fifteen years old: 1,665 attending public schools and 1,665 attending private schools. The DMFT was evaluated by the WHO criteria (1997), using the Kappa (0.92) intra-examiner agreement for cavity diagnoses and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical analyses. The prevalence of cavities in public schools was 51.6%, compared to 9.3% in private schools. The DMFT for girls was 4.79 and 3.46 for boys in public schools (p<0.0001) and 2.11 and 1.65 (p=0.0007) in private schools. At the age of 12 years, the DMFT was 3.37 in public schools and 1.35 in private schools, while for the age of 15 it was 5.65 and 2.88 for each type of school. Among children whose mothers graduated from high school, the average DMFT was 4.21 in public schools and 1.81 in private schools. The prevalence of cavities was higher among girls in public schools, increasing with age and decreasing with higher education levels among mothers.

The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare visual clinical and radiographic examinations to the histological analysis for proximal caries diagnosis in extracted permanent molars and premolars. The relationship between clinical aspects and carious lesions was also evaluated. Eighty-eight proximal surfaces (44 freshly extracted teeth) were longitudinally sectioned with a 370-microm diamond disk, thinned with wet silicon carbide paper and observed with a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Sensitivity and specificity were 65.6% and 83.3% for clinical examination and 29.7% and 95.8% for radiographic examination, respectively. Kappa values ranged from 0.64 to 0.91. The white spots corresponded to lesions restricted to enamel, while the dark spots corresponded to lesions that reached the dentinoenamel junction. In most cases, cavitation corresponded to dentin lesions. It may be concluded that interproximal radiographic examination is not a reliable method for detection of incipient proximal carious lesions.

Objectives: Our aim in this study was to determine the fluoride concentration and pH of 71 pediatric medicines regularly and long-term used by children. Study Design: The fluoride concentration was evaluated by selective electrode of fluoride (Orion). The pH was confronted using specific electrode (Orion) coupled to a potentiometer (Orion). The analyses were accomplished in duplicate. Pearson´s correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. P-values below 5% were considered statistically significant. Results: Medicine pH averages ± SD varied from 2.3 ±0.01 to up 10.6 ±0.02. Values below critical pH were observed in 42.25% (n=30) of presentations, with 25.35% (n=18) below 4.5 pH. Most medicines (84.5%) presented fluoride concentration below 0.05 mg/L. Conclusions: Among the pediatric medicines evaluated, this study has showed that 2-4 times-a-day posology and syrup formulations presented lowest pH and fluoride concentration, resulting in factors that predict highest cariogenic and erosive potential.

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PurposeChronic hyperglycemia is responsible for vascular and neurodegenerative retinal changes in diabetic patients. However, other eye structures have been also associated with changes, such as corneal biomechanics and lens thickness.The author's objective was to analyze the accommodative process – crystalline structural change and pupillary diameter based on Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS‐OCT).MethodsProspective case‐control study. The anterior chamber parameters were studied using AS‐OCT. The monocular accommodative process was obtained with different Dioptric Powers (0 D, 2.5 D, 5 D and 7 D – lens integrated in the OCT software) in both controlled photopic and scotopic conditions. 2 groups have been analyzed: group 1 with type 2 diabetic patients and group 2 with healthy‐controls. Measurements of anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens vault (LV), pupillary diameter (PD) and iris thickness (IT) were obtained.ResultsA total of 71 patients were evaluated (group 1 − n = 36; group 2 – n = 35). The mean age was 69.15 ± 5.55 years. Diabetic patients have showed the basal highest LV and lowest ACD values, with statistically significance (p < 0.05). In highest accommodative power, group 2 has experimented a significant reduction in ACD, ACA and PD (p < 0.05). The LV change has not proved important in the process. Group 1 has showed a significant response in scotopic conditions, even with a lower response with the highest accommodative stimuli compared to group 2.ConclusionsThe accommodative process is impaired in diabetic patients, with a significant difference in pupillary response more than in lens vault. This could be important to explain the importance of the anterior segment of crystalline in accommodation. Further studies will be necessary to clarify the DM effects on these parameters.

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