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Salivary impairments and high levels of CHGA are associated with T2DM patients. In addition, CGHA polymorphisms might be associated with salivary gland hypofunction and higher salivary CHGA production in T2DM patients. This could be a significant insight to establish a role for salivary CHGA as a potential clinical biomarker to T2DM.

Aim To evaluate the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity of double antibiotic paste (DAP) in an in vitro infection model. Methodology The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) and the antibiofilm activities (TTC assay) of DAP and its components (ciprofloxacin and metronidazole) were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis compared with triple antibiotic paste (TAP). The cellular viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages (24 and 72 h) and L929 fibroblasts (48 and 72 h) was evaluated by MTT. Furthermore, the production of TNF‐α, IL‐12, IL‐6, IL‐1α, IL‐10 and NO (on RAW 264.7), besides IL‐6, TGF‐β and NO (on L929), stimulated with DAP in baseline and associated with heat‐killed microbial‐antigen conditions was measured by ELISA and Griess reaction. Data were analysed using the one‐way ANOVA test with Bonferroni's corrections. Results The MBC of pharmacopoeia DAP was similar to TAP for E. faecalis (0.25 μg.  mL−1) and lower for S. aureus (DAP 1 μg. mL−1 and TAP 2 μg. mL−1; p < .001). Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiofilm drug from the pastes (35% of reduction for E. faecalis and S. aureus; p < .0001), and both pastes had a similar antibiofilm eradication against both biofilm species (29% and 35% for S. aureus and 76% and 85% for E. faecalis; p < .0001). DAP was cytotoxic against the tested cells. DAP significantly upregulated IL‐1α (p < .001), IL‐6 (p < .0001), TNF‐α (p < .01) and IL‐12 (p < .05; in the absence of antigens) and significantly reduced IL‐6 (p < .0001; in the presence of HK‐S. aureus) and IL‐10 (p < .05; in the presence of both antigens) on macrophages. Furthermore, DAP upregulated IL‐6 (p < .001) and NO (p < .05; in the absence of antigens), IL‐6 (p < .001; in the presence of HK‐S. aureus) and reduced NO (p < .001; in the presence of HK‐S. aureus). Conclusions Double antibiotic paste and TAP had similar antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis. DAP upregulated pro‐inflammatory cytokines mainly in the absence of antigens and had pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and L929 fibroblasts in the presence of antigens involved in pulp infections.

‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities and cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine (CHX) and synoeca‐MP peptide alone or in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial property was evaluated by the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and planktonic bacteria and biofilm inhibition. Immunomodulatory activity was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and nitric oxide production by the Griess reaction method. According to the results, synoeca‐MP combined with CHX demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness compared with its isolated use, in addition to immunomodulatory activity (upregulating MPC‐1 and tumor necrosis factor‐α and downregulating nitric oxide and interleukin‐10). In this context, it is expected that the substances, together, could be capable of controlling bacterial infection and dissemination, besides potentiating macrophages’ immune response against the studied microorganism. Moreover, reducing the CHX concentration by the addition of synoeca‐MP peptide may, in a beneficial way, minimize the undesirable effects of both, CHX and synoeca‐MP in a clinical setting.

Aim To evaluate in vitro whether MTA Repair HP can induce repair processes at a distance, including its effects on biofilm, cell viability, migration, production of TGF‐β, phosphate and ALP, evaluated through MTA diluted extracts. Methodology Initially, antibacterial tests were performed with the bacterium Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in the presence of MTA extracts (dilutions of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4). Growth inhibition assay by microdilution in broth, antibiofilm plate assay of young biofilm and antibiofilm assay in confocal microscopy of mature biofilm were carried out. Then, pulp cells were stimulated in the presence of several MTA dilutions, and cell viability (MTT assay), proliferation and migration capacity (scratch assay) were evaluated. To evaluate the capacity of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of MTA Repair HP to promote the production of important agents of odontogenic differentiation and mineralization, ALP activity, TGF‐β secretion and phosphate quantification were measured. Statistical differences were verified using one‐way and two‐way anova and Tukey's post‐tests. Results The test dilutions of MTA Repair HP did not inhibit planktonic S. mutans growth but were able to reduce young and mature S. mutans biofilm (p < 0.001). In addition, none of the MTA Repair HP dilutions was cytotoxic for pulp cells. The 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of MTA Repair HP induced migration and proliferation of pulp cells (p < 0.05). ALP activity and TGF‐β secretion were independent of the tested dilution (p < 0.001). Diluted 1:4 MTA Repair HP produced less phosphate than the more concentrated 1:1 and 1:2 MTA dilutions (p < 0.001). Conclusions Undiluted MTA Repair HP reduced S. mutans biofilm, when compared to 1:2 and 1:4 MTA dilutions. Furthermore, none of the tested dilutions was cytotoxic to pulp cells. MTA Repair HP promoted cell migration and proliferation at a distance, assessed through the dilution of the MTA. Even from a distance, MTA Repair HP has the ability to participate in some events related to repair, such as migration, proliferation and TGF production.

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Triclosan (TCS) is a chlorinated diphenyl ether and a possible active agent against microorganisms. Due to its probability of reducing dental plaque accumulation, TCS can be added as a substance for oral hygiene. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and antimicrobial capacity of TCS against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This work evaluates the percentage of bacteria inhibition of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. mutans (ATCC 25175). TCS concentrations between 2 and 128 μg.mL-1 were tested. Results: An inhibitory potential of TCS was found against S. mutans. No percentage of inhibition was detected against P. aeruginosa (technical and biological triplicate). Conclusion: TCS, an antimicrobial agent used in dentifrices, can reduce S. mutans levels therefore these dentifrices should be indicated for patients with a high risk of caries. However, further study is needed, including antimicrobial analyses against other microbial conditions.

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