Background: A study with female animal models is important because the system immune of females is remarkably different from the male because of interaction between sex hormone and immune system. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) plays an important role in immune response toward Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ERS) is an easy and sensitive test to assess the inflammation. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate C. albicans infection, analyse the IL-17 levels and ESR in a female animal model of oral candidiasis. Methods: Female Wistar rats were used as oral candidiasis animal model. The rats divided into three groups (pre-treatment group (P0), 5th-day post-treatment group (P1) and 8th-day post- treatment group (P1). Each group consists of six rats. After the adaptation period, the P0 was sacrificed. The drinking water of the P1 and P2 was added tetracycline HCl 500mg /1L. On the day before and after inoculation C. albicans, Methylprednisolone was injected. Ten minutes before inoculation with 0.3 ml C. albicans 9.4 x 107/mL, rats were sedated by CPZ 0.7 mg IM. The rats in P1 group were sacrificed after five days and in P2 were sacrificed eight days after inoculation. The IL-17 plasma levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), decreased on the 5th day but not on the 8th-day post-treatment. The obtained data were analyzed by parametric and non-parametric tests according to normality and homogeneity of the data with p<0.05. Results: The colony forming unit (CFU) of C. albicans collected over the mouth on increased almost 8-fold and on 8th-day post-treatment almost 3-fold compared with pre-treatment. The ESR increased on the 8th day but not on the 5th-day post-treatment. Conclusion: The IL-17 level was decreased on the 3rd day, ESR increased on eight days after inoculation of C. albicans in female rats’ model of oral candidiasis.
Background: Theobroma cacao was considered agricultural wastes. Cocoa pod husk contain various bioactive compounds as natural antioxidants,antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. A good biomaterial must be non-toxic and have no detrimental effect on the biological environment. The aim of research was to determine the cytotoxicity and proliferative activity of cocoa pod husk extract on primary cells of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Method: This experimental laboratory used primary cell culture of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. The cytotoxicity and proliferative activity were analyzed by MTT assay [2-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide]. Extraction of cacao pods were obtained using the ultrasonic homogenizer method with ethanol 70%. The cytotoxicity test was observed for 24 hours and the doubling time proliferative test was observed for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Result: Cocoa pod husk extract showed there were no cytotoxic effects with viability of primary cells of periodontal ligament fibroblasts at the concentration of 1.56 µg/ml, 3.125 µg/ml, 6.25 µg/ml, 12.5 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml. The proliferation test showed increasing of fibroblasts at 24 and 48 hours. Kruskal Wallis analysis obtained a significance value (p<0.05) Conclusion: Cytotoxicity and proliferation assays of Cocoa pod husk extract increased cell viability and cell proliferation of periodontal ligament fibroblast. _______________________________________________________________________________________ PENDAHULUAN Rongga mulut mencerminkan kesehatan tubuh secara umum karena merupakan port de entry pertama masuknya makanan. Penyakit rongga mulut bisa bersifat jinak atau ganas maupun yang dapat sembuh sendiri (self limiting). Kondisi tersebut bisa terjadi tanpa atau dengan keluhan, sehingga dapat mengganggu fungsi dan kenyamanan dari rongga mulut yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya defisiensi nutrisi. 1,2 Pengelolaan penyakit mulut biasanya sangat kompleks, umumnya masyarakat akan mengkonsumsi obat-obatan. Beberapa obat nonsteroid anti inflamasi memiliki efek samping seperti gangguan saluran cerna, hipertensi, dan perdarahan, sehingga, diperlukan suatu bahan alami yang memiliki efek samping seminimal mungkin tetapi memiliki efektivitas tinggi. 3,4 Kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan limbah dari industri pengolahan cokelat. Jember merupakan produsen kakao terbesar di Jawa Timur, selama ini hanya memanfaatkan limbah kulit kakao sebagai pakan ternak saja. Kulit biji kakao diketahuin kaya dengan kandungan polifenol, dan kandungan flavonolnya lebih tinggi dibanding dengan tanaman lain, Polifenol merupakan senyawa fitokimia berupa flavonoid, tannin, proantosianidin, katekin, dan epikatekin. 5 Polifenol dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antioksidan alami, antiinflamasi, dan antibakteri. Polifenol juga
Ulcer is a lesion that is often found in the oral cavity that causes discomfort, pain, difficulty speaking and difficulty eating. Nowdays, herbal ingredients are widely used as alternative medicine choice besides drugs on the market. Pandan leaf contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and polyphenols which have antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant abilities, allowing faster healing of ulcers. Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pandanus leaf extract gel on healing ulcers and determine the most effective concentration in healing ulcers. This study used 25 Wistar rats divided into 5 groups, which were applied CMC-Na gel, aloclair gel, 25%, 50% dan 75% pandan wangi leaf extract gel. Each rat was made ulcer by heating the stopper amalgam on the bunsen fire for 30 seconds, then touching to the left buccal mucosa for 1 second, and waiting for 2x24 hours to form an ulcer. Giving the gel every morning and evening and measure the diameter of ulcers every day. This study showed healing time and decrease ulcer diameter pandanus leaf extract gel faster than negative control. The average recovery day was negative control for 9.8 days, positive control for 8 days, pandanus leaf extract gel concentration 25% for 8.6 days, concentration 50% for 8 days, and concentration 75% for 6.8 days. Pandan leaf extract gel accelerated ulcer healing and 75% concentration is the most effective.
Pendahuluan: Merokok merupakan salah satu kebiasaan yang sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat, termasuk kelompok lanjut usia (lansia). Kebiasaan merokok dapat mempengaruhi sekresi saliva pada lansia yang secara fisiologis mengalami penurunan sekresi saliva dan penipisan epitel mukosa mulut karena proses penuaan. Perubahan sekresi saliva dan penipisan epitel mukosa mulut dapat meningkatkan resiko infeksi rongga mulut seperti kandidiasis oral. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan sekresi saliva melalui pengukuran laju aliran saliva serta terjadinya kandidiasis oral pada pasien lansia perokok dan bukan perokok, di Rumah Sakit Gigi Mulut Universitas Jember (RSGM UNEJ). Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan analitik observasional pada pasien lansia RSGM UNEJ di Bagian Penyakit Mulut meliputi status merokok, pengukuran laju aliran saliva unstimulated, dan insidensi kandidiasis oral berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan mikrobiologi oral swab. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien lansia RSGM UNEJ Bagian Penyakit Mulut periode September 2019-Januari 2020. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Hasil: Hasil uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara sekresi saliva unstimulated pasien lansia perokok dan bukan perokok. Terdapat perbedaan kejadian kandidiasis oral antara pasien lansia yang merokok dengan yang tidak merokok (nilai p=0,065; derajat kepercayaan=90%). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan laju aliran saliva pada lansia perokok dan bukan perokok, namun terdapat perbedaan terjadinya kandidiasis oral antara lansia perokok dan bukan perokok.Kata kunci: Laju aliran saliva, merokok, kandidiasis oral, lansia. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Smoking is one of the habits often carried out by the community, including the elderly. Smoking habits can affect salivary secretion in the elderly, who physiologically experience decreased salivary secretion and thinning of the oral mucosal epithelium due to the ageing process. The salivary secretion change and thinning of the oral mucosal epithelium can increase the risk of oral infections such as oral candidiasis. The purpose of this study was to analyse the differences in salivary secretion by measuring the salivary flow rate and the occurrence of oral candidiasis in elderly smokers and nonsmokers at the University of Jember Dental Hospital. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study in elderly patients of the Department of Oral Diseases University of Jember Dental Hospital, including the smoking status, measurement of unstimulated salivary flow, and the incidence of oral candidiasis based on the results of the oral microbiological swab. This study’s population were all elderly patients at the Department of Oral Diseases University of Jember Dental Hospital for September 2019-January 2020. The sampling method used was total sampling. Results: The Mann-Whitney test results showed no significant difference between the unstimulated saliva secretion of elderly smokers and nonsmokers. There was a difference in the incidence of oral candidiasis between elderly smokers’ patients and nonsmokers (p-value = 0.065; confidence level = 90%). Conclusion: There is no difference in the salivary flow rate in elderly smokers and nonsmokers, however, there are differences in the occurrence of oral candidiasis between elderly smokers and nonsmokers.Keywords: Salivary flow rate, smoking, oral candidiasis, elderly.
As current technology cannot cure cancer completely, prevention becomes the main choice. To prevent the development of cell transformation into cancer cells, polyphenols that are widely found in cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) can be used. IFNγ plays an important role in immunity against cancer. This study aims to see the ability of cocoa beans ethanol extract to increase the number of IFNγ expression in Balb/c mice undergoing cell transformation. This study used three groups Balb/c (n=4), namely K1 (normal control), K2 (negative control: injected with benzopyrene without ethanol extract of cocoa beans), and K3 (treatment: injected with benzopyrene, given 4mg/30gBW/po/day ethanol extract of cocoa beans). The mice were biopsied, and IFNγ expression was examined by immune histochemical method. The results showed that IFNγ expression increased significantly in K3. It can be concluded that ethanol extract of cocoa beans could increase IFNγ expression in Balb/c mice undergoing cell transformation.
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