Background: Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease affecting the global population. In Indonesia, the prevalence of periodontal disease has reached 57.6% across all age groups. The bacterium considered as the orginator factor of periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Herbal ingredients are currently being promoted as a form of treatment because of the minimal side effects they induce. Andrographis paniculata Nees (ApN) extract produces pharmacological effects, including ones immunomodulatory in character, rendering possible its application as a preparation for treating periodontitis. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to prove the potency of Andrographis paniculata Nees extract in increasing the viability of monocytes following exposure to P. gingivalis. Methods: The sample was divided into four groups, namely; Control negative (C-): monocytes in the medium, not exposed to P. gingivalis; Control positive (C+): monocytes in the medium, exposed to P. gingivalis; Treatment I (AP25): monocytes with 25% ApN extract, exposed to P. gingivalis; Treatment II (AP50): monocytes with 50% ApN extract, exposed with P. gingivalis. The monocytes were exposed to 100 uL P. gingivalis for 4.5 hours and stained with trypan blue. Observations were conducted using an inverted microscope at 200x magnification. The percentage of viable monocytes was calculated based on the ratio of the number of the cells which absorbed trypan blue staining to that which did not. Data was tested using a one-way ANOVA followed by an LSD test. Results: There were significant differences between the treatment groups in the number of viable monocytes (p=0.001) they contained. Monocyte viability was higher in the 25% ApN extract group than that exposed to 50% P. gingivalis. Conclusion: Andrographis paniculata Nees extract demonstrates the potency to increase monocyte viability following exposure to P. gingivalis.

Background: Theobroma cacao was considered agricultural wastes. Cocoa pod husk contain various bioactive compounds as natural antioxidants,antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. A good biomaterial must be non-toxic and have no detrimental effect on the biological environment. The aim of research was to determine the cytotoxicity and proliferative activity of cocoa pod husk extract on primary cells of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Method: This experimental laboratory used primary cell culture of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. The cytotoxicity and proliferative activity were analyzed by MTT assay [2-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide]. Extraction of cacao pods were obtained using the ultrasonic homogenizer method with ethanol 70%. The cytotoxicity test was observed for 24 hours and the doubling time proliferative test was observed for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Result: Cocoa pod husk extract showed there were no cytotoxic effects with viability of primary cells of periodontal ligament fibroblasts at the concentration of 1.56 µg/ml, 3.125 µg/ml, 6.25 µg/ml, 12.5 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml. The proliferation test showed increasing of fibroblasts at 24 and 48 hours. Kruskal Wallis analysis obtained a significance value (p<0.05) Conclusion: Cytotoxicity and proliferation assays of Cocoa pod husk extract increased cell viability and cell proliferation of periodontal ligament fibroblast. _______________________________________________________________________________________ PENDAHULUAN Rongga mulut mencerminkan kesehatan tubuh secara umum karena merupakan port de entry pertama masuknya makanan. Penyakit rongga mulut bisa bersifat jinak atau ganas maupun yang dapat sembuh sendiri (self limiting). Kondisi tersebut bisa terjadi tanpa atau dengan keluhan, sehingga dapat mengganggu fungsi dan kenyamanan dari rongga mulut yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya defisiensi nutrisi. 1,2 Pengelolaan penyakit mulut biasanya sangat kompleks, umumnya masyarakat akan mengkonsumsi obat-obatan. Beberapa obat nonsteroid anti inflamasi memiliki efek samping seperti gangguan saluran cerna, hipertensi, dan perdarahan, sehingga, diperlukan suatu bahan alami yang memiliki efek samping seminimal mungkin tetapi memiliki efektivitas tinggi. 3,4 Kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan limbah dari industri pengolahan cokelat. Jember merupakan produsen kakao terbesar di Jawa Timur, selama ini hanya memanfaatkan limbah kulit kakao sebagai pakan ternak saja. Kulit biji kakao diketahuin kaya dengan kandungan polifenol, dan kandungan flavonolnya lebih tinggi dibanding dengan tanaman lain, Polifenol merupakan senyawa fitokimia berupa flavonoid, tannin, proantosianidin, katekin, dan epikatekin. 5 Polifenol dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antioksidan alami, antiinflamasi, dan antibakteri. Polifenol juga

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Objective: The aim of this study was examine theeffectivenessof proanthocyanidins cacaopods (Theobroma cacao L) extract on increasing socket epithelial thickness post tooth extractionin Wistar Rats. Proanthocyanidins has benefis as antiinflammation, antioxidant and antibacteria agent. Post-extraction wound can cause complication, which can make long the healing process. This is where anti-inflammatory is needed to prevent infection, so that it can avoid bacterial contamination and can shorten the inflammatory process. Material and Methods:These study was an experimental laboratory research on thickness of socket epithelium of Wistar rats given proanthocyanidins cacao pod extract post extraction. A total of 24 male Wistar rats was divided into 3 group; which was treated with 100 mg/ml proanthocyanidins cocoa pod extract as treatment group, distilled placebo gel as negative control group and alvogyl as positive control group. On day 7 and day 14 the sampel was sacrified and tissue processing was made. The gingival epithelial thickness was determined by software image raster on light microscopy. Results:Analysisof One way Anova showed there was a significant difference0.001 between groups. The epithelium of treatment group, was thicker than the control group significantly. Conclusion:Proanthocyanidins cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L) extract effectiveincreasing the thickness of socket epithelium postextraction in Wistarrats.

Background: Nylon thermoplastic (Valplast) is a flexible denture base that is used in the denture. The problem that often occurs in the use of denture namely the denture stomatitis are commonly caused by C. albicans. Denture cleanser is needed to prevent denture stomatitis by lowering the amount of C. albicans. Recently, denture cleanser from natural materials is being develope, one of them is cambodia white flower (Plumeria alba L.) extract. Cambodia white flower (Plumeria alba L.) contains bioactive compounds that are antibacterial and antifungal. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of immersion extract of cambodia white flower (Plumeria alba L.) with various concentrations as denture cleanser to amount of C. albicans in nylon thermoplastic (Valplast). Material and Methods: 25 plates nylon thermoplastic (10x10x1mm) were prepared and divided into 5 groups. The plates then contaminated with C. albicans, after that it was soaked in cambodia white flower extracts with varying concentrations for 30 minutes. The plates are subsequently placed in SDB media. Method to test the effectiveness of extract was done by looking at the SDB media turbidity with a spectrophotometer. Results and Conclusion: Cambodia white flower extract was effective in lowering the amount of C. albicans in denture base thermoplastic nylon. Cambodia white flower contained tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid and saponin which acted as antifungal that could decrease the amount of C. albicans. Keywords: Antifungal, Candida albicans, Nylon Thermoplastic and Cambodia White Flower

Background: Periodontitis is periodontal tissue inflammation due to Porphyromonas gingivalis which invades the gingival tissue due to the activity of virulence factors. This causes the host immune system changes and increases MMP-8 production in periodontal tissue so resulting excessive tissue destruction. Cocoa pod rind containing proanthocyanidin compound as anti-inflammatory drugs is given to reduce MMP-8 and cure periodontitis. Objective: To examine the effect of proanthocyanidin extract of cocoa pod rind (Theobroma cacao L.) on decreasing MMP-8 expression in gingival tissue of periodontitis rats model. Materials and Methods: The samples used were 16 male Wistar rats divided into 2 groups, placebo gel for the control group and proanthocyanidins gel for the treatment group. ). Each group was induced by P.gingivalis bacteria every 3 days for 14 days and then smeared with placebo gel and proanthocyanidin gel for 7 and 14 days. Then all rats’ gingival tissue were taken and made preparations to be observed under a microscope and analyzed using immunoratio software. Result: There were differences in MMP-8 expression based on observation time (p<0.05). MMP-8 expression in the 7th day control group was lower than the 14th day and MMP-8 expression in the 7th day treatment group was higher than the 14th day. Conclusion: Proanthocyanidin of cocoa pod rind extract (Theobroma cacao L.) can reduce MMP-8 expression in gingival tissue of periodontitis rats model.

Objective : The early attachment process of plaque formation is dominated by Streptococcus sp. Chemical antiplaque agent can optimize plaque control.Material and Methods : Materials of antiplaque have side effects, so it is necessary to do research of alternative antiplaque materials. One of them use red beet root because contain some antibacterial substance. The aim of this study was examine the effectiveness of rinsing red beetroot juice to Streptococcus sp. on dental plaque.Results : This study was a quasi-experimental research with the post test only control group design. Subjects were 27 students from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jember who fulfilled the criteria, have been scalled, and given the knowledge of how to rinse. The subjects were divided into three groups, and instructed to rinse for 30 seconds using chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%, distilled water, and red beet root juice. Plaque were taken at the buccal maxillary first molar. Plaque were diluted and planted on streptococcus media for 24 hours, the number of colonies counted using colony counter. Analysis of One-Way ANOVA have significance 0.000, means decreased the number of Streptococcus sp.Conclusion : Rinsing red beet root juice was effective to decrease the number of Streptococcus sp. on dental plaque.

Periodontitis is a destructive inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues with a high prevalence in the world. Phorphyromonas gingivalis as one of the main bacteria causing periodontitis produces virulence factors that trigger immune cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines that can reduce the number of osteoblasts, thereby triggering alveolar bone resorption. Osteoblast cell differentiation is mediated by a number of growth factors such as cytokines and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). SRP mechanical therapy is sometimes not optimal and Metronidazole as an effective antibiotic against periodontitis has been reported to have several adverse effects. Utilization of cocoa pod waste (Theobroma cacao L) with its polyphenol content has antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract gel from cocoa pod husk extract (Theobroma cacao L.) on the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as the expression of BMP-2 in the alveolar bone of periodontitis-model rats. This laboratory experimental study used 24 rats which were divided into negative control group (CMC-Na gel), positive control group (metronidazole gel), and treatment group (100 mg/mL cocoa pod husk extract gel). 24 Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups which were observed on days 7 and 14. The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts of alveolar bone were observed by hematoxillin eosin staining and BMP-2 expression by immunohistochemistry staining. One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups. The LSD test average of BMP-2 expression in the treatment group on the day 7 and day 14 was higher than the negative control group (p < 0.05). The conclusion of the study was that giving 100 mg/mL of cacao pod husk extract gel (Theobroma cacao L.) increased the number of osteoblasts and increased the expression of BMP-2 in the alveolar bone of periodontitis rats. HIGHLIGHTS Cocoa pod husk extract gel (Theobroma cacao) 100 mg/mL increased the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts and increased BMP-2 expression in the alveolar bone of periodontitis rats The histological staining with IHC was analyzed using Quantitative Pathology 0.3.2 software The cocoa pod husk (Theobroma Cacao L.) extract gel effectively triggers and increased BMP-2 which stimulates bone formation in periodontitis rat models GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT