Background: The Pandalungan community is a unique community established through the assimilation of two dominant cultures: the Javanese and Madurese. Both of these communities created a community with a new culture called the Pandalungan community culture. The people of this community live in coastal, rural and urban areas. Generally, research on the uniqueness in the oral health behaviour of the Pandalungan community has not been conducted since the oral health practices of the Pandalungan community are considered to be the same as that of the Javanese community. Purpose: In order to develop programmes for oral health prevention, this research aims at comparing the oral health profiles of the elderly (classified as per age) living in the rural and urban areas in the Jember Regency. Methods: The research employs a cross-sectional approach. The subjects of the research were selected on the basis of the total number of elderly people who attended the monthly meetings of the Karang Werda (those not willing to participate in the study were excluded). The study was conducted by organising extensive interviews, performing observations and intraoral examinations. Each group was classified into three subgroups on the basis of age: pre-elderly, elderly and high-risk elderly. The intraoral examination conducted included the oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), the number of teeth missing, the depth of the pocket and the number of all functional tooth units (all-FTU). Results: The oral health profile of people in the rural community was poor when compared to the oral health profile of people living in the urban community (by accounting for nearly all the variables in the examination). Conclusion: The oral health profile of the elderly people in the Pandalungan community was poor. Adequate prevention and care are essential to maintain the oral health of people in the Pandalungan community.
Pendahuluan: Merokok merupakan salah satu kebiasaan yang sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat, termasuk kelompok lanjut usia (lansia). Kebiasaan merokok dapat mempengaruhi sekresi saliva pada lansia yang secara fisiologis mengalami penurunan sekresi saliva dan penipisan epitel mukosa mulut karena proses penuaan. Perubahan sekresi saliva dan penipisan epitel mukosa mulut dapat meningkatkan resiko infeksi rongga mulut seperti kandidiasis oral. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan sekresi saliva melalui pengukuran laju aliran saliva serta terjadinya kandidiasis oral pada pasien lansia perokok dan bukan perokok, di Rumah Sakit Gigi Mulut Universitas Jember (RSGM UNEJ). Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan analitik observasional pada pasien lansia RSGM UNEJ di Bagian Penyakit Mulut meliputi status merokok, pengukuran laju aliran saliva unstimulated, dan insidensi kandidiasis oral berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan mikrobiologi oral swab. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien lansia RSGM UNEJ Bagian Penyakit Mulut periode September 2019-Januari 2020. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Hasil: Hasil uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara sekresi saliva unstimulated pasien lansia perokok dan bukan perokok. Terdapat perbedaan kejadian kandidiasis oral antara pasien lansia yang merokok dengan yang tidak merokok (nilai p=0,065; derajat kepercayaan=90%). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan laju aliran saliva pada lansia perokok dan bukan perokok, namun terdapat perbedaan terjadinya kandidiasis oral antara lansia perokok dan bukan perokok.Kata kunci: Laju aliran saliva, merokok, kandidiasis oral, lansia. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Smoking is one of the habits often carried out by the community, including the elderly. Smoking habits can affect salivary secretion in the elderly, who physiologically experience decreased salivary secretion and thinning of the oral mucosal epithelium due to the ageing process. The salivary secretion change and thinning of the oral mucosal epithelium can increase the risk of oral infections such as oral candidiasis. The purpose of this study was to analyse the differences in salivary secretion by measuring the salivary flow rate and the occurrence of oral candidiasis in elderly smokers and nonsmokers at the University of Jember Dental Hospital. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study in elderly patients of the Department of Oral Diseases University of Jember Dental Hospital, including the smoking status, measurement of unstimulated salivary flow, and the incidence of oral candidiasis based on the results of the oral microbiological swab. This study’s population were all elderly patients at the Department of Oral Diseases University of Jember Dental Hospital for September 2019-January 2020. The sampling method used was total sampling. Results: The Mann-Whitney test results showed no significant difference between the unstimulated saliva secretion of elderly smokers and nonsmokers. There was a difference in the incidence of oral candidiasis between elderly smokers’ patients and nonsmokers (p-value = 0.065; confidence level = 90%). Conclusion: There is no difference in the salivary flow rate in elderly smokers and nonsmokers, however, there are differences in the occurrence of oral candidiasis between elderly smokers and nonsmokers.Keywords: Salivary flow rate, smoking, oral candidiasis, elderly.
Neem gum is an exudate from hardened neem plant (Azadirachta indica). Neem gum contains many active compounds especially heteropolysaccharides. It composes monosaccharides namely L-arabinose, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, D-xylose, glucose, and mannose. In addition, there are other compounds of neem gum such as NaCl, KCl, salvadora, salvadorin, saponin, phenol, and tannin have the potential to reduce the viability of pathogens. Heteropolysaccharides are water soluble non-starch carbohydrates. Heteropolysaccharides are known unable to be degraded by digestive enzymes but have potential as substrates for commensal bacteria that can benefit the host. One of the requirements for functional food ingredient is also to reduce the viability of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherecia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. The MTT test method was used to calculate bacterial viability. The viability of two bacteria exposed to neem gum solution decreased as the concentration increased, according to the results of this study.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a wonder plant from India. Neem is commonly found in Baluran, Indonesia (Prianto et al., 2019). Unfortunately, this plant is often considered to be a nuisance weed. This plant produces abundant gum. Neem gum has not been widely used by local communities in Indonesia. It is a non-starch heteropolysaccharide with a monosaccharide composition, such as L-arabinose, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucurionic acid, D-xylose, glucose, and mannose (Moniem et al., 2018). In addition, neem gum also contains other bioactive compounds that act as antibacterial agents, such as NaCl, KCl, salvadourea, salvadorin, saponins, and tannins (Neihaya et al., 2020). The main content of neem gum, which is polysaccharides, has the potential to be used as a functional food ingredient such as a prebiotic. Prebiotics
Antifungal drugs that already exist have several side effects, so it needs to be developed a new drug from natural ingredients. Garlic and black garlic are known to have organosulfur compounds that can be used as an antifungal. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of garlic (A. sativum) and black garlic extract in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. This study used 3 groups, namely control group, the garlic (A. sativum) extract group and the black garlic extract group by using concentration 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% with 3 times replication. Extraction using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent, while the antifungal test using disk diffusion method. antifungal effect is determined by calculating the inhibition zone formed on Sabouraud Dextrosa Agar (SDA) media after incubating for 24 hours. The results of Kruskall-Wallis test showed a significance value (p <0.05) which means there were differences in all groups. In the Mann-Whitney test showed a significance value (p >0.05) which means there are no significant differences between treatment groups. In conclusion, garlic extract is more effective compared to black garlic extract but the difference is not significant.
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