DLPC is a safe and effective treatment for ROP. Neonates of lower gestational age and birth weight require earlier and more aggressive laser treatment and may have a higher refractive error.

Elevated levels of inflammation-related cytokines in the aqueous humour in various stages of age-related macular degeneration may suggest a pathogenic role of inflammation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 may be indicative of the angiogenic phase. Further corroborative studies are required.

Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is associated with neuronal and vascular impairments. Recent findings suggest that retina of apoE4 mice have synaptic and functional impairments. We presently investigated the effects of apoE4 on retinal and choroidal vasculature and the possible role of VEGF in these effects. There were no histological differences between the retinal and choroidal vasculatures of naïve apoE3 and apoE4 mice. In contrast, laserdriven choroidal injury induced higher levels of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in apoE4 than in apoE3 mice. These effects were associated with an inflammatory response and with activation of the Muller cells and asrocytic markers gluthatione synthetase and GFAP, all of which were more pronounced in the apoE4 mice. CNV also induced a transient increase in the levels of the synaptic markers synaptophysin and PSD95 which were however similar in the apoE4 and apoE3 naive mice. Retinal and choroidal VEGF and apoE levels were lower in naïve apoE4 than in corresponding apoE3 mice. In contrast, VEGF and apoE levels rose more pronouncedly following laser injury in the apoE4 than in apoE3 mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that the apoE4-induced retinal impairments, under basal conditions, may be related to reduced VEGF levels in the eyes of these mice. The hyper-neovascularization in the apoE4 mice might be driven by increased inflammation and the associated surge in VEGF following injury. Retinal and choroidal VEGF and apoE levels were lower in naïve apoE4 than in corresponding apoE3 mice. In contrast, VEGF and apoE levels rose more pronouncedly following laser injury in the apoE4 than in apoE3 mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that the apoE4-induced retinal impairments, under basal conditions, may be related to reduced VEGF levels in the eyes of these mice. The hyper-neovascularization in the apoE4 mice might be driven by increased inflammation and the associated surge in VEGF following injury.

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NDM reduces formation of biofilm on soft contact lenses. This has important implications for the prevention of contact lens-related corneal infections caused by S. epidermidis.

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ObjectiveTo describe two rare cases of concurrent vision loss and external ophthalmoplegia following powered endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).DesignObservational case report.ResultsThe records of two patients who underwent powered ESS and developed multiple concurrent ophthalmic complications were retrospectively reviewed for clinical history, neuro-ophthalmologic examination, and imaging findings. Patient 1 developed a retinal vascular occlusion and complete loss of adduction. Patient 2 developed an orbital hemorrhage, optic neuropathy, and a restrictive global ophthalmoplegia. Similar published case reports were also reviewed.ConclusionDespite advances in powered ESS technique and instrumentation, serious ophthalmic complications can still occur. Inadvertent entry into the medial orbital wall can result in a combination of blindness and ocular motility dysfunction. The variety of mechanisms responsible for these complications underscores the importance of thorough pre- and postoperative clinical examination and review of imaging studies.

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