The results of studies on the study of six variants of sunflower cultivated by production system ExpressSun (predecessor barley), on ordinary Chernozem during 2013-2018 are presented. Research on hybrid P63LE10 showed the promise of deep loosening of the soil as the main soil tillage. It ensures, the yield of 2.2-2.5 t/ha of oilseeds after the application of fertilizers. It is established that one of the main quality indicators of oilseeds – oil content – depends on the mass of 1000 seeds, while the highest value detected on the maximum level of intensity of 51.3-51.5 g, that is 1.6-2.6 g (3,2-5,3 %) more than the rest of the studied variants. The maximum oil content is on natural fertility background – 47.8-49.2 %, which was 1.3 and 1.9 % more than in the fertilized variants. In the study of the nature of oilseeds they are revealed trends of dependence on the used means of intensification similar to the oil content of seed at a positive relationship with the crop yield (r= 0.71-0.92*). Application of mineral fertilizers in a dose NPK30 provides stabilization of productivity and quality of oil seeds in any climatic conditions year. On the basis of the obtained data they are revealed manufacturing operations that provide high productivity and quality of seeds: the fertilizer dose NPK30, deep loosening to 25-27 cm (PCH-4.5), spring harrowing (BZSS-1.0), pre-sowing cultivation (OPO-4.25), consolidation of the soil (3kksh-6), sowing (SSTV-6), the harrowing on shoots in one track (BZSS-1.0), treatment with herbicide (Express, 50g/ha).
The effectiveness of sapropel as an organic fertilizer is revealed. It was compared with the traditional organic and mineral fertilizers. So, the most noticeable softening of the soil compared to the control variant was after application of sapropel. During the study, application of sapropel maximally increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil from 2.8 to 4.1 mg/kg, exceeding the indicator of ammonium nitrate by 48.8% and manure by 36.6%. Sapropel increases the content of mobile forms of potassium in the soil over an average of 2 years from 306 to 316 mg/kg, while the content of mobile phosphorus is minimal - 20.3 mg/kg. The highest yield of spring wheat was in the variant the variant after application of ammonium nitrate in a dose of N60 (1.64 t/ha) and sapropel in a dose of 6 t ha (1.57 t/ha).
The authors presented the multiyear results of the research on testing the technological complexes of growing the grain crops with direct sowing in the black earth steppe of Russia’s European part. In the zonal crop rotations, in comparison with a traditional technology, it did not lead to worsening of the agrophysical, agrochemical, water and biological soil features, increased the humus content by 0.55% (NSR05- 0.42 %). In spring, during the crops sprouting, the Р2О5 and K2O quantity corresponded to 192 and 189 mg/kg of soil, which is 29 mg (17.8%) and 35 mg (22,7%) more than control. The established least production costs – 2975.1 rub/hectare on an option with direct sowing of the spring grain crops, which are 499.9 rub/hectare -16.8 % lower than the traditional technology figures, favored the acquisition of the highest contingent net income of 1220.1 rub./hectare and the profitability level of 41.0%. During the direct sowing of the spring hard wheat, the highest contingent net income is gained on options with the use of integrated plant protection and the fertilizer application – 9507.9-9753.9 rub/hectare, which is 3667.6-3913.6 rub/hectare (62.8-67.0 %) more than the control, and 825.8-3626.9 rub/hectare (9.5-59.2 %) higher than figures on other options. On the basis of the research conducted, the authors offer a new generation of technologies of growing the winter and spring wheat and the spring barley, which are built on the system basis.
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