The authors presented the multiyear results of the research on testing the technological complexes of growing the grain crops with direct sowing in the black earth steppe of Russia’s European part. In the zonal crop rotations, in comparison with a traditional technology, it did not lead to worsening of the agrophysical, agrochemical, water and biological soil features, increased the humus content by 0.55% (NSR05- 0.42 %). In spring, during the crops sprouting, the Р2О5 and K2O quantity corresponded to 192 and 189 mg/kg of soil, which is 29 mg (17.8%) and 35 mg (22,7%) more than control. The established least production costs – 2975.1 rub/hectare on an option with direct sowing of the spring grain crops, which are 499.9 rub/hectare -16.8 % lower than the traditional technology figures, favored the acquisition of the highest contingent net income of 1220.1 rub./hectare and the profitability level of 41.0%. During the direct sowing of the spring hard wheat, the highest contingent net income is gained on options with the use of integrated plant protection and the fertilizer application – 9507.9-9753.9 rub/hectare, which is 3667.6-3913.6 rub/hectare (62.8-67.0 %) more than the control, and 825.8-3626.9 rub/hectare (9.5-59.2 %) higher than figures on other options. On the basis of the research conducted, the authors offer a new generation of technologies of growing the winter and spring wheat and the spring barley, which are built on the system basis.
Winter wheat is currently the main grain field crop in the European part of Russia. However, to increase the cultivation efficiency, it is necessary to improve cultivation technology. The purpose of the work is to identify new promising varieties and improve the winter bread wheat cultivation technology for the arid conditions of the Povolzhie. In 2015–2019 there was conducted an agroecological testing for 17 winter wheat varieties, which were most widespread and had the prospects for their introduction in the Povolzhie. During 2011–2018 there were studied five cultivation technologies (options) of the winter wheat variety ‘Svetoch’ in the six crop rotation sequences. The study has established that when cultivating winter wheat in the blackearth (chernozem) steppe of the Povolzhie, the varieties ‘Marafon’, ‘Novoershovskaya’, ‘Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya’, ‘Severodonetskaya yubileynaya’ and ‘Svetoch’ were the most promising varieties. Under favorable moisture conditions, it was most profitable to cultivated the varieties ‘Rostovchanka 7’, ‘Izyuminka’, ‘Marafon’, ‘Bazis’, ‘Severodonetskaya yubileynaya’, ‘Skipetr’. When cultivating winter wheat in ‘black’ fallow, it is more rational to use early fallow, which begins to be cultivated in the spring when the soil is physically matured. The early spring additional fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increases winter wheat productivity on 0.28 t/ha (9.3%). In order to obtain the maximum net income (11324.8 rubles/ha) and profitability (115.0%), it is most expedient to use the biological product ‘Bionex Kemi’ (3 l/ha) on commercial wheat crops.
At present winter wheat is the leading grain crop in the Volga region and Russia. However, it’s necessary to improve its cultivation technologies to increase its efficiency. The purpose of the work is to identify the optimum sowing methods and rates of winter soft wheat with the application of disinfectant ‘Stsenik Kombi’ in the climatic conditions of the Middle Zavolzhie. In 2015–2018 there was estimated the influence of two sowing methods (row and wide-row) and five sowing rates of the winter wheat variety ‘Svetoch’ when applying disinfectant ‘Stsenik Kombi’ in comparison with the control variety. It has been established that the highest net income (12251.5–12498.3 rubles/ha) and level of profitability (107.7–121.5%) were obtained on options with the sowing rate of 2.0–4.0 million/ha. The highest breeding rate was found in the usual ordinary sowing rate of 1 million/ha to 100 (in 2016), which is in 2–4 times higher than when sown with the rate of 2.0–5.0 million/ha. The obtained regularity indicates the prospects of this sowing rate when cultivating seeds of high reproductions for seed production purposes, both in ordinary row sowing (the width of the spacing is 15 cm), and in wide-row sowing (30 cm). When sowing 2.0 million/ha or more, there was established a prevalence of ordinary row sowing over wide-row sowing on 0.4 t/ha (or 16.9%). The application of disinfectant ‘Stsenik Kombi’ is recommended in winter wheat cultivation.
На основе полученных данных разработана низкозатратная технология возделывания подсолнечника, которая включает следующие технологические операции: глубокое рыхление почвы на 25-27 см (ПЧ-4,5), весеннее боронование (БЗСС-1,0), предпосевную культивацию (ОПО-4,25), прикатывание почвы (3ккш-6), посев (ССТВ-6), боронование по всходам в один след (БЗСС-1,0), обработка гербицидом (Экспресс, 50г/ га) + внесение биопрепарата (Борогум, 1л/га) в фазу 8-10 настоящих листьев. Ожидаемый годовой экономический эффект от освоения в Самарской области новых технологий возделывания подсолнечника составит более 0,9 млрд руб. ключевые слова: подсолнечник, производственная система ExpressSun™, Борогум pErFECTION OF prODuCTION SYSTEM ExprESSSuN™ FOr grOWINg SuNFlOWEr IN THE MIDDlE VOlga rEgION goryanin O.I., Dzhangabaev b.Zh.
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