Oil and oil products are recognized as priority environmental pollutants, having a high degree of toxicity. They can pose a threat to the vital activity of various organisms populations. Operating and suspended production wells can directly contribute to soil pollution with oil products. Oil pollution affects the complex of the soil morphological, physical, physicochemical, biological properties, which determine its fertility and ecological functions. The article examines the hydrocarbon raw materials conserved deposits as pollution sources of the forest ecosystems soil cover. The article analyzes the results of experimental studies to determine the oil products content, heavy metals gross and mobile forms in soil samples around decommissioned deposits. The studies carried out confirm that the sites of the mothballed deposits contaminated with oil products and heavy metals need monitoring, conservation and recultivation. Due to prolonged downtime, destruction occurred in the wells. The tightness was broken. It leads to oil and gas leakage. As a result of research carried out in 2017-2018 the soil cover contamination with oil products of the suspended deposits was revealed. A dangerous category of soil pollution was noted in 2017. It was observed in the area of wells No. 6, 8, 229 on the Neklyudovsky field. In 2018 wells No. 6 and No. 229 of the Neklyudovsky field were characterized by a hazardous category of pollution. In the soil of the Neklyudovsky field of wells No. 6, 6 (gas), 8 there was a decrease in the petroleum products content in 2018 compared to 2017. In soil samples an excess of the heavy metals mobile forms MPC content was revealed in the Neklyudovsky field - well No. 6, 229, in the Mogutovsky field - well No. 103-K, in the Koltubanovsky field - well No. 6.
The relevance of the presented research stems from the need to develop new methods of automation of on-farm land management using modern geoinformation technologies. The aim of the study is to develop and implement new methods of geoinformation technologies to automate the process of land management in agricultural enterprises. The object of the research is new methods of geoinformation technologies, which allow automating the process of performing a cameral stage of work on land management design and organizing an information base for agroecological monitoring of the territory of agricultural enterprises. To achieve the goal of the study, we developed a geographic information model for creating land management projects to provide an ecological and economic justification for land use. For land management projects with the aim of designing crop rotations, the main initial data are: relief; agro-industrial soil groups; agricultural plots; ecological and technological groups of arable land. This model was tested on the example of SPK im. Kuibyshev, Kinelsky district, Samara region. In the work, the influence of the conditional working length of the field on the productivity of the equipment was studied and analyzed, an equation was obtained for the dependence of the time losses for idle turns and arrivals on the length of the run (average conditional length of the field). The application of the obtained formula in the automated system of economic substantiation of options for the organization of the territory of crop rotation in the preparation of projects for on-farm land management.
Through the period of 1977–2018, studies were conducted on three experimental fields of the Samara State Agricultural Academy with the purpose of studying the influence of the basic elements of the farming system on the weediness and the yield of winter wheat. Experimental schemes included the following options: the type of fallow in the crop rotation (black, seeded and green-manured), fertilizer systems (organic-mineral recommended, organic-mineral intensive and organic) and various methods and depths of soil tillage of fallow lands. Observations and surveys were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The soil of the plots was ordinary chernozem and typical medium-thick loamy chernozem (humus content was from 6.0 to 8.3 %, mobile phosphorus was from 90 to 155 mg/kg, exchange potassium was from 129 to 190 mg/kg, pHsalt was from 6.3 to 6.8). Replacing black fallow with seeded or green-manured fallow increased the weediness of crops 1.4–1.6 times and reduces the yield of winter wheat by 0.29–1.03 t/ha. Organic fertilizer systems significantly changed the weed species compositions and contributed to an increase in the number of perennials by a factor of 3.0, and their masses by a factor of 1.3–1.4 in comparison with organic-mineral fertilizer system. Organic-mineral fertilizer systems did not have a significant effect on the yield of winter wheat. The organic fertilizer system led to a slight (0.26–0.31 t/ha) grain shortage compared with organic-mineral. The methods and depths of soil tillage did not have a practically significant effect on the weediness and yield of winter wheat.
Abstract. The land stock of the world is 13.4 thousand millions hectares or 26 % of the surface of the Earth. Agricultural land appropriate for food production occupies 4.8 thousand millions hectares; arable land takes up only 1.4 thousand millions hectares or 30 % of the agricultural land. For 100 years, the area of agricultural land increased only by 640 million hectares (less than 15 %), and in recent years it is declining. In Russia, area of the arable land is exploited on average at 70 %, while in the world the arable land has been used on average at 80 %. At present, the urgent problem is to increase the efficiency of use of land resources for stable development of all forms of agricultural enterprises, which have different status of ownership and management. Improvement of the use of natural resources, including land, in the agro-industrial complex is associated with the solution of two interrelated tasks: the development of a methodology for reliable assessment of the resource potential of agricultural land and the search for ways to use them most effectively. The opinions of many researchers about the proposed methods for assessing land resources often are essentially different. This leads to the fact that there are no unified established indicators for determining the efficiency of land use. Nevertheless, in the circumstances of market relations it is relevant and expedient to apply a single scientifically grounded system for assessing agricultural land for organizing its efficient use. The study showed that in Samara region about 72 % of the arable land area is used for production of agricultural products, but it is necessary to find reserves to increase the efficiency of land use. Assessment of the efficiency of agricultural land use in the Samara region, a comparative analysis of the indicators of this region with the indicators of other subjects of the Russian Federation and the country in general created an opportunity to identify features of the use of agricultural land, highlighted problems and factors that determine the effectiveness of its use.Keywords: agrarian sector, agricultural land, efficiency, farming, land stock. IntroductionAgricultural land is the basis of the agrarian sector of the economy, where it occupies the largest proportion in the total area of land stock. Land resources are the subject and means of work in the agricultural sector, which play a very significant role. Rational use, assessment of the effectiveness of their involvement in the production cycle is an important component of ensuring the food security of the country and the region.Increasing the efficiency of agricultural land use is an important component of improving the territorial organization of agriculture and the formation of hierarchical systems of the agrarian sector of the economy. In modern conditions the use of land is considered effective, when it increases the profit, amount of products from area unit, quality of products, fertility of soil, but reduces the production costs. It is very important that t...
The research is conducted in order to improve territorial organization of agriculture in context of the implementation of use strategy of adaptive-landscape land basing on the assessment and analysis of spatiotemporal structure of natural agro-potential of the territory. The results of dynamic statistical modeling of the standard crops yield in administrative regions of the Samara region are used. A mesoscale comprehensive assessment zoning of the territory is made: seven mesozones are allocated according to compliance of standard yields with crop productivity factors (correlation coefficients with many indicators 0.7-0.9), and assessed districts in them with the most uniform conditions (coefficient of variation within 10%). Assessed zoning is made in administrative contours of Samara region, and it forms geographic basis for solving agro-production issues of organizing adaptive-landscape land use system and crop rotations design. The basis of field crop rotations in innovative technologies in central and southern districts of Samara region are grain-fallow and grain-fallow-cultivated field crop rotations with the optimum specific weight of "black" fallow and winter crops in them. In forest-steppe area grain-fallow-grass-cultivated and grain-cultivated rotations with full and green-manured fallows, perennial grasses and leguminous crops are promising. For their implementation, an analysis of agricultural crops appropriate placement in assessed mesozones is carried out. Crops location according to soil and climate territory specification makes it possible to solve problems of preventing soil and agro-landscapes degradation most effectively, taking into account environmental effect of crops and agro-technologies.
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