Water deficit is a key factor to induce flowering in many woody plants, but reports on the molecular mechanisms of floral induction and flowering by water deficit are scarce. Here, we analyzed the morphology, cytology, and different hormone levels of lemon buds during floral inductive water deficits. Higher levels of ABA were observed, and the initiation of floral bud differentiation was examined by paraffin sections analysis. A total of 1638 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing. DEGs were related to flowering, hormone biosynthesis, or metabolism. The expression of some DEGs was associated with floral induction by real-time PCR analysis. However, some DEGs may not have anything to do with flowering induction/flower development; they may be involved in general stress/drought response. Four genes from the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family were further investigated. Ectopic expression of these genes in Arabidopsis changed the flowering time of transgenic plants. Furthermore, the 5′ flanking region of these genes was also isolated and sequence analysis revealed the presence of several putative cis-regulatory elements, including basic elements and hormone regulation elements. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of these promoters were investigated under water deficit treatment. Based on these findings, we propose a model for citrus flowering under water deficit conditions, which will enable us to further understand the molecular mechanism of water deficit-regulated flowering in citrus.Highlight:Based on gene activity during floral inductive water deficits identified by RNA sequencing and genes associated with lemon floral transition, a model for citrus flowering under water deficit conditions is proposed.

Emissions from residential biomass burning are a significant source of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC). In this study, we used liquid chromatography-photodiode array-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the chromophoric fingerprinting of BrC emitted from residential biomass burning. In total, 59 major chromophores were identified, which accounted for 49−85% of the total light absorption of BrC (averaged between 300 and 500 nm) for different samples. These chromophores include furans, lignin pyrolysis products, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbenes, N-containing aromatic compounds, and unsubstituted or oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, of which some are newly reported as BrC species (e.g., stilbenes and substituted phenyl cyanates). Among the chromophores identified, seven are common to all samples while some are specific to certain biofuel or burning conditions. For instance, 3,3′dimethoxyquercetin from wheat burning, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and apigenin from maize smoldering, 4-nitro-2-vinylphenol from maize flaming, and nodakenetin and anthanthrene from wood flaming are specific to the fuel type or burning condition. The identified optical markers will be essential for understanding atmospheric chemical and optical processes of biomass burning BrC in future studies, while the source-specific chromophore profiles developed in this study are a prerequisite for apportioning the biofuel types and burning conditions, which is a key for estimating source-specific radiative forcing.

The in vitro activity of FK-037, 5-amino-2-[[(6R, 7R)-7-[[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(methoxyimino) acetyl] aminol-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yllmethyl1-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-lH-pyrazolium hydroxide, inner salt, sulfate (1:1), a new parenteral cephem, was compared with those of cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin. FK-037 inhibited methicillin-susceptible staphylococci at c4 jig/ml. Of 98 isolates of homogenous methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 55 (56.1%) were inhibited by 8 jig of FK-037 per ml, compared to 3.1% for cefepime. Imipenem was the most active 13-lactam tested against staphylococci. The MIC of FK-037 for 90o of the strains tested (MIC90) was 0.06 ,ug/ml for hemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans group streptococci, and Streptococcus bovis. The MIC90 for many of the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae was 1 ji.g/ml, similar to that of cefepime and lower than those of ceftazidime and imipenem. The MIC,0 for KiebsieUla pneumonwiae and Enterobacter cloacae was 8 jug/ml, similar to that for cefepime, but all isolates were inhibited by 2 ,ig of imipenem per ml. K. pneumoniae isolates with cefotaxime and ceftazidime MICs of >32 jig/ml with Bush type 2b' 13-lactamases were inhibited by 4 jig of FK-037 per ml. E. cloacae, Citrobacterfreundii, and S. aureus stably resistant to FK-037 could be selected by repeated transfer in the presence of FK-037. The FK-037 MIC90 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 4 ,Ig/ml, compared to 32 jug/ml for cefepime and ceftazidime and 8 pg/ml for imipenem. Xanthomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas cepacia, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Bacteroides species were resistant to FK-037 (MIC, >32 ,ig/ml). MBCs were identical to or within twofold of the MICs except for a 32-fold greater MBC for P. aeruginosa. Inoculum size and acid environment did not lower the activity of FK-037. FK-037 was not appreciably hydrolyzed by Bush group 1, 2a, 2b, and 2e 1-lactamases but was hydrolyzed by 2b' and 2d enzymes at rates comparable to that of ceftazidime. Nonetheless, FK-037 inhibited bacteria possessing TEM-3, -5, and -7 and SHV-5 at <8 ,ug/ml. Overall, FK-037 has lower MICs against staphylococci and P. aeruginosa than the currently available iminomethoxy aminothiazolyl cephalosporins and has activity against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae comparable to that of cefepime.Although a number of parenteral cephalosporins have been synthesized during the past 2 decades, there has been continued interest in finding new cephalosporins with improved activity against gram-positive bacteria, particularly for methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and which retain the excellent activity of the aminothiazolyl cephalosporins against gram-negative organisms. FK-037, an oxime-type cephem, contains a 1-hydroxyethyl-5-amino pyra-zoliomethyl moiety at position 3 of the cephem ring. Preliminary studies showed FK-037 to have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistan...

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APCS-MLR and dose–response model were combined to identify the sources and human health risks of heavy metals in paddy soils.

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