BackgroundIt is uncertain whether smoking is related to colorectal cancer risk. Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) are important enzymes in the metabolism of tobacco carcinogens, and functional genetic polymorphisms are known for these enzymes. We investigated the relation of cigarette smoking and related genetic polymorphisms to colorectal cancer risk, with special reference to the interaction between smoking and genetic polymorphism.MethodsWe used data from the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study, including 685 cases and 778 controls who gave informed consent to genetic analysis. Interview was conducted to assess lifestyle factors, and DNA was extracted from buffy coat.ResultsIn comparison with lifelong nonsmokers, the odds ratios (OR) of colorectal cancer for <400, 400-799 and ≥800 cigarette-years were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.89), 1.16 (0.83-1.62) and 1.14 (0.73-1.77), respectively. A decreased risk associated with light smoking was observed only for colon cancer, and rectal cancer showed an increased risk among those with ≥400 cigarette-years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.04-2.45). None of the polymorphisms under study was singly associated with colorectal cancer risk. Of the gene-gene interactions studied, the composite genotype of CYP1A1*2A or CYP1A1*2C and GSTT1 polymorphisms was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer, showing a nearly statistically significant (Pinteraction = 0.06) or significant interaction (Pinteraction = 0.02). The composite genotypes of these two polymorphisms, however, showed no measurable interaction with cigarette smoking in relation to colorectal cancer risk.ConclusionsCigarette smoking may be associated with increased risk of rectal cancer, but not of colon cancer. The observed interactions between CYP1A1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms warrant further confirmation.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common medical complication in pregnancy, carries adverse health outcomes for both mothers and offspring. However, national data on the prevalence and secular trends of GDM during the past 10 years in the U.S. is lacking. This study included 26,340 ever-pregnant women aged ≥ 18 years from the National Health Interview Survey in 20and 2016. We examined GDM prevalence in 20and 2016. The prevalence of GDM increased from 4.6% in 20to 8.2% in 2016 (P&lt;0.001). non-Hispanic white women showed less increase in the prevalence (2.8%) than non-Hispanic black women (3.8%), Hispanic women (4.1%), and women with other race/ethnicity (8.4%). The prevalence of GDM in non-Hispanic white women was higher than in non-Hispanic black (P=0.01) and women with other race/ethnicity (P=0.01) in 2006; but similar with in non-Hispanic black and lower than in women with other race/ethnicity (p=0.02) in 2016. The prevalence of GDM in non-Hispanic white and Hispanic women was similar in 20and 2016. In addition, the increase of GDM was more evident among women who were overweight, had low income, aged between 45-64 years, and had insufficient physical activity. In conclusion, the prevalence of GDM increased by 3.6% from 20to 2016; and the rise was more marked among non-white, overweight, low income, age 45-64 years, and insufficient activity groups. Disclosure T. Zhou: None. D. Sun: None. X. Li: None. Y. Heianza: None. H. Nisa: None. G. Hu: None. X. Pei: None. X. Shang: None. L. Qi: None.

AbstrakLatar belakang. Penyebaran virus COVID-19 telah mengakibatkan langkah-langkah yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya, seperti membatasi perjalanan dan aktivitas sosial di banyak negara. Physical distancing sangat penting untuk mencegah penyebaran COVID-19 dan diperkirakan akan berlanjut untuk beberapa waktu.Tujuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui determinan perilaku physical distancing pada mahasiswa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakartadi awal masa pandemi COVID-19.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif desain studi cross sectional. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 417 sampel dengan menggunakan metode voluntary sampling. Informasi dikumpulkan secara online melalui google form pada bulan April 2020. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji regresi logistik ganda.Hasil. Perilaku physical distancing yang baik dilaksanakan oleh 55,9% mahasiswa. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan determinan perilaku physical distancing adalah jenis kelamin perempuan (OR=3,438, 95% CI: 2,037-5,804); pengetahuan yang baik terkait physical distancing (OR=1,757, 95% CI: 1,057-2,919); serta adanya dukungan keluarga (OR=1,854, 95% CI:1,219-2,819). Dukungan TOMA tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan perilaku physical distancing (OR=1,469, 95% CI: 0,961-2,246).Kesimpulan. Perilaku physical distancing masih perlu ditingkatkan. Mahasiswa perempuan lebih baik dalam menerapkan perilaku physical distancing. Dukungan keluarga dan pengetahuan terkait physical distancing mempengaruhi perilaku physical distancing. AbstractBackground.  The spread of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in unprecedented measures such as restricting travel and social activity in many countries. Physical distancing is critical to fighting COVID-19 and is expected to continue for some time.Objective.The aim of the study was to assess the determinants of physical distancing behavior of university students of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method. This study used an observational analytic method with cross-sectional study design. A total of 417 respondents was selected by using voluntary sampling method. Information was collected online using google form in April 2020. Data were analysed using a multiple logistic regression test. Results. Good physical distancing behavior carried out by 55.9% of students. The results of multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with physical distancing behavior were female gender (OR=3.438, 95% CI: 2.037-5.804), good knowledge of physical distancing (OR=1.757, 95% CI: 1.057-2.919), and family support (OR=1.854, 95% CI: 1.219-2.819). Meanwhile, support from community leaders was not significantly related to physical distancing behavior (OR=1.469, 95% CI: 0.961-2.246). Conclusion. Uptake of physical distancing behavior needs to increase. Female university students were better at uptaking physical distancing behavior. Family support and knowledge about physical distancing effect the uptake of physical distancing behavior.

Background Little is known about the contribution of genetic variation to food timing, and breakfast has been determined to exhibit the most heritable meal timing. As breakfast timing and skipping are not routinely measured in large cohort studies, alternative approaches include analyses of correlated traits. Objectives The aim of this study was to elucidate breakfast skipping genetic variants through a proxy-phenotype genome-wide association study (GWAS) for breakfast cereal skipping, a commonly assessed correlated trait. Methods We leveraged the statistical power of the UK Biobank (n = 193,860) to identify genetic variants related to breakfast cereal skipping as a proxy-phenotype for breakfast skipping and applied several in silico approaches to investigate mechanistic functions and links to traits/diseases. Next, we attempted validation of our approach in smaller breakfast skipping GWAS from the TwinUK (n = 2,006) and the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium (n = 11,963). Results In the UK Biobank, we identified 6 independent GWAS variants, including those implicated for caffeine (ARID3B/CYP1A1), carbohydrate metabolism (FGF21), schizophrenia (ZNF804A), and encoding enzymes important for N6-methyladenosine RNA transmethylation (METTL4, YWHAB, and YTHDF3), which regulates the pace of the circadian clock. Expression of identified genes was enriched in the cerebellum. Genome-wide correlation analyses indicated positive correlations with anthropometric traits. Through Mendelian randomization (MR), we observed causal links between genetically determined breakfast skipping and higher body mass index, more depressive symptoms, and smoking. In bidirectional MR, we demonstrated a causal link between being an evening person and skipping breakfast, but not vice versa. We observed association of our signals in an independent breakfast skipping GWAS in another British cohort (P = 0.032), TwinUK, but not in a meta-analysis of non-British cohorts from the CHARGE consortium (P = 0.095). Conclusions Our proxy-phenotype GWAS identified 6 genetic variants for breakfast skipping, linking clock regulation with food timing and suggesting a possible beneficial role of regular breakfast intake as part of a healthy lifestyle.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and is able to spread rapidly in humans. Preventive behavior is important for every individual to maintain their health during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine the relationship between social support (family, friends, health workers), perceptions of the response to COVID-19, and exposure to social media for COVID-19 prevention behavior. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Jabodetabek area in May 2020 with a voluntary sampling technique. The participants were 424 respondents. The proportion of respondents with good COVID-19 prevention behavior was 45.2%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed family support (OR = 2.736; 95% CI = 1.654 - 4.517), peer support (OR = 2.035; 95% CI = 1.205 - 3,436), support from health professionals (OR = 1.729; 95% CI = 1.023 - 2,923); and sources of information regarding COVID-19 (OR = 1,692; 95% CI = 1,036 - 2,764) had a significant relationship with COVID-19 prevention behavior (P <0.05). It can be concluded that family support has dominant influence on COVID-19 prevention behavior in Jabodetabek community. For this reason, social support from the smallest scale (family) and reliable sources of information related to COVID-19 are needed so that community can implement COVID-19 prevention behavior properly in daily life. Abstrak Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS- CoV-2 dan mampu menyebar dengan cepat pada manusia. Perilaku pencegahan penting dilakukan oleh setiap individu demi menjaga kesehatannya di masa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan sosial (keluarga, teman, dan tenaga kesehatan), persepsi penanggulangan COVID-19, dan keterpaparan terhadap media sosial terhadap perilaku pencegahan COVID-19. Penelitian cross-sectional dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2020 di wilayah Jabodetabek dengan teknik voluntary sampling. Responden berjumlah 424 responden. Proporsi responden dengan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 yang baik sebesar 45,2%. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan dukungan keluarga (OR= 2,736; CI 95%= 1,654 - 4,517), dukungan teman (OR=2,035; CI 95%= 1,205 - 3,436), dukungan tenaga kesehatan (OR=1,729; CI 95%= 1,023 - 2,923); dan sumber informasi mengenai COVID-19 (OR= 1,692; CI 95%= 1,036 - 2,764) memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 (P<0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dukungan keluarga memiliki pengaruh dominan terhadap perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 pada masyarakat Jabodetabek. Oleh karena itu, dukungan sosial dari skala terkecil (keluarga) dan sumber informasi terpercaya sangat dibutuhkan agar masyarakat mampu menerapkan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 dengan baik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Objectives : To examine social determinants of long acting and permanent contraceptive method (LAPM) use among currently married Indonesian women aged 15 to 49 years. Method. Data were derived from a cross-sectional study in Tuban, Kediri, and Lumajang District (East Java Province) and Lombok Barat, Lombok Timur, and Sumbawa District (West Nusa Tenggara Province). Information was obtained from 5,930 respondents using a structure questionnaire. We estimated adjusted odds ratios to evaluate for social determinant factors associated with LAPMs use using multivariate logistic regressions. Results. The prevalence of LAPMs use was 19%. The odds of LAPMs use among women who paid transport cost were higher than that among women who paid none. Similarly, LAPMs use were positively associated with LAPMs availability, encouragement to use LAPMs, perceived distance, knowledge about LAPMs, desire to have no more children, and contraceptive decisions jointly with husbands. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate the relatively low level of LAPMs use among currently married Indonesian women, and highlight social determinants that influence women to choose LAPMs. Further studies are warranted to include health provider perspective as well as collecting qualitative data in order to adequately assess behaviors of women associated with LAPMs use.

ABSTRAK Latar belakang. Physical distancing untuk mencegah penularan COVID-19 pada awal pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan diterapkannya Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ) di insititusi pendidikan, termasuk UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.Tujuan. Penelitian dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui hubungan PJJ dan gejala gangguan somatoform terhadap tingkat stres pada mahasiswa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta pada masa awal pandemi COVID-19.Metode. Penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, desain studi cross sectional. Responden adalah 470 mahasiswa aktif Strata 1 UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Data diperoleh dengan penyebaran kuesioner secara online pada bulan April hingga Mei 2020. Analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji regresi logistik ganda.Hasil. Frekuensi pelaksanaan PJJ memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tingkat stres responden. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa yang telah melaksanakan PJJ ≥12 kali cenderung memiliki stres tingkat rendah dibandingkan dengan mahasiswa dengan frekuensi PJJ<12 (nilai p= 0,039).  Gejala gangguan somatoform tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat stres mahasiswa dalam melaksanakan PJJ (nilai p=0,228).Kesimpulan. Mahasiswa yang lebih sering melakukan PJJ cenderung memiliki tingkat stres yang lebih rendah. ABSTRACTBackground. Physical distancing to prevent transmission of COVID-19 at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the implementation of distance learning (PJJ) in educational institutions, including UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of distance learning and symptoms of somatoform disorders with stress levels of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta students in the early COVID-19 pandemic.Method. This study used an analytic observational with a quantitative approach, cross sectional study design. Respondents were 470 active students of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Data were obtained by distributing questionnaires via online in April to May 2020. Multivariate analysis was performed using a multiple logistic regression test.Results. The frequency of PJJ had a significant relationship with respondents' stress levels. The results of multivariate analysis showed that university students who had PJJ ≥12 times were more likely to have low levels of stress compared to students with PJJ frequency of <12 (p-value=0.039). Symptoms of somatoform disorders did not have a significant effect on the level of stress of university students (p-value=0.228).Conclusion. University students who had done PJJ more often were likely to have lower stress levels.