Background and Objective: Dengue cases have increased while the spread is getting broader worldwide. Temephos has been frequently used to control the larvae of the Aedes aegypti L., the primary vector of dengue. The intensive use of this larvicide has given rise to resistance. This study aims to determine the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to temephos and examine the two mutations (F290V and F455W) that possibly occur in the Ace-1 gene of Ae. aegypti from Salido Sub-District, IV Jurai District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. Materials and Methods:The susceptibility test was performed referring to a standard method of the World Health Organization, followed by a molecular test (polymerase chain reaction) and sequencing. Results: The results showed that the larvae of Ae. aegypti have been tolerant to temephos (0.012 mg LG 1 ) with a percentage of larval mortality of 91.67%. The sequencing analysis in the Ace-1 gene revealed the absence of F290V and F455W mutation in temephos-resistant Ae. aegypti, but a point mutation was detected at codon 506. This mutation shifts the ACA codon to ACT, but still codes for the same amino acid, threonine. Conclusion: Our study indicates the presence of other resistance mechanisms in the major dengue vector of the Salido District. Implementation of the alternative population control strategy is required to prevent the temephos resistance further.
Objectives Gestational diabetes (GDM) complications affect maternal and fetus in utero. GDM’s vascular dysfunction showed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) alteration and was linked to the higher production of nitrogen species, leading to diabetic embryopathy. Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) has been reported for its anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Thus, the present study investigates the anti-diabetic effect, lipid-lowering effect, and iNOS expression in GDM animal models treated with O. basilicum extract. Experimental procedures Four groups of pregnant rats consist of control and GDM groups. One GDM group was set for control positive. Two GDM groups were treated with O. basilicum extract in two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg BW) for 14 days. Blood glucose of all groups was observed at 72 h after STZ injection and 14 days after administration of O. basilicum extract. Lipid profile and iNOS expression using real-time PCR were measured afterward. Results O. basilicum extract lowered blood glucose levels in both doses, from 262.60 mg/dL±6.89–136.80 mg/dL ± 15.6 mg/dL and 113.20 mg/dL±5.25 mg/dL. Total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride showed a reduction, especially in 200 mg/kg BW dose extract from 122.37 mg/dL ± 14.84 mg/dL, 69.75 mg/dL±3.78 mg/dL and 137.51 mg/dL ± 8.12–74.64 mg/dL±8.71 mg/dL, 40.26 mg/dL±3.31 mg/dL and 87.57 mg/dL±6.29 mg/dL, respectively. iNOS expression downregulated in both doses, from 2.17±0.39 to 0.94±0.3 and 0.41±0.08. Conclusions This study showed that O. basilicum extract has a potential therapeutic activity in lowering blood glucose, improved lipid profile, and downregulating iNOS in GDM.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of propoxure exposure toward estradiol hormone expression and estradiol receptors in Rattusnovergicusfemale. Method: Three experimental group were sprayed with mosquito repellant containing propoxur, each group was exposed with different treatment, and one group as a control. All group was observed for six cycles of rat's estrus phase with an exposure duration of 28 days. Rat serum was collected for ELISA assay for investigating the expression of estradiol hormone and estradiol receptor. Results: There were significant differences between the control group and the treatment group exposed to inhaled propoxur for 30 minutes (19.5869 ± 4.9731), 60 minutes (20.0920 ± 5.7529), and 90 minutes (25.8703 ± 4.0753). Propoxur has side effect to the expression of estradiol hormone (p = 0.000). Estradiol receptor (p = 0.008) were also significantly different between control and treatment group exposed to propoxur at 30 minutes (1.8489 ± 0.9017), 60 minutes (2.3844 ± 1.4296), and 90 minutes (3.1634 ± 0.9936). Conclusion: Propoxur enhanced estradiol hormone expression. The longer exposure to propoxur the higher thehormone expression of estradiol receptors.
Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) are intestinal parasitic worms that cause infection in humans, which are transmitted through soil. Worms cause decreased health conditions and the productivity of the sufferer. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Soil Transmitted Helminth infection and student achievement based on nutritional status in children. This research was conducted using a combination method (mixed methods research design). Quantitative research used a cross sectional design, while qualitative research was conducted to explore in-depth information from the head of the puskesmas, the principal, the homeroom teacher (teacher), the parents of students, and students of SDN 100906 Manompas. Examination of stool samples using the Kato Katz method was carried out at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University in June – November 2020. The population in this study were all children of SDN 100906 Manompas, with 60 samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria selected by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using Chi square test. The results showed that the percentage of male and female students from all classes infected with STH was the same (50.0%) with the mean age of the infected students (9.35 ± 1.82) years. Type STH with mild category Ascaris lumbricoides percentage (20%), compared with Trichuris trichiura (10%). Students infected with STH at the most were with moderate achievement (50.0%) and students infected with STH at the most were with low nutritional status (62.5%). The results of statistical tests using Chi square showed that there was no significant relationship between STH infection and learning achievement with p value = 0.340, and there was a significant relationship between STH infection and nutritional status with p value = 0.034 (p < 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant relationship between STH infection and learning achievement and there is a significant relationship between STH infection and nutritional status. There are other factors that affect learning achievement apart from STH infection. Keywords: STH, Learning Achievement, Nutritional Status.
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