Detection of Ace-1 Mutation in Temephos-Resistant Aedes aegypti L. in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract

Background and Objective: Dengue cases have increased while the spread is getting broader worldwide. Temephos has been frequently used to control the larvae of the Aedes aegypti L., the primary vector of dengue. The intensive use of this larvicide has given rise to resistance. This study aims to determine the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to temephos and examine the two mutations (F290V and F455W) that possibly occur in the Ace-1 gene of Ae. aegypti from Salido Sub-District, IV Jurai District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. Materials and Methods:The susceptibility test was performed referring to a standard method of the World Health Organization, followed by a molecular test (polymerase chain reaction) and sequencing. Results: The results showed that the larvae of Ae. aegypti have been tolerant to temephos (0.012 mg LG 1 ) with a percentage of larval mortality of 91.67%. The sequencing analysis in the Ace-1 gene revealed the absence of F290V and F455W mutation in temephos-resistant Ae. aegypti, but a point mutation was detected at codon 506. This mutation shifts the ACA codon to ACT, but still codes for the same amino acid, threonine. Conclusion: Our study indicates the presence of other resistance mechanisms in the major dengue vector of the Salido District. Implementation of the alternative population control strategy is required to prevent the temephos resistance further.

Widespread Resistance to Temephos in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico

“…Other studies report tolerance to temephos in populations of Ae. aegypti in Indonesia, with 92% mortality when exposed to DD [53]. In our study, only one population, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, exhibited mortality of 93% at 1× DC; however, when evaluated at 5× DC, the mortality of this population was 100%, thus confirming a low intensity of resistance according to the WHO criteria [13].…”

Novel Point Mutations of the ace-1 Gene of Aedes aegypti Larva Treated with Methanolic Extract of Citrus hystrix

“…aegypti in West Sumatra, Indonesia, instead, a new mutation of T506T was found. 33 Interestingly, G119S was also found in a carbamates resistant Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) populations from Mali. 36 Those kinds of mutation did not find in this current study.…”

“…aegypti in West Sumatra to temephos. 33 ace-1 gene was shown to be responsible for AChE insensitivity in resistant strains of two mosquito species, Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens. 31 Mutations in the AChE gene at the molecular level may interfere with the synthesis of the AChE enzyme causes the decreases in AChE levels.…”

“…This mutation shifts the ACA codon to ACT but still codes for the same amino acid, threonine. 33 Three VGSC mutation alleles, S989P, V1016G, and F1534C, were identified from specimens of Ae. aegypti.…”