Sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens) has many beneficial effects to human health, such as decreasing blood pressure, maintaining blood sugar level (hypoglycaemic), decreasing cholesterol, a remedy for kidney trouble, antibacterial and lessen the inflamation (antiinflamation). This research was undertaken to discover the potency of endophytic microbes from sambung nyawa as antimicrobial agents. The purpose of this research was to screen the endophytic bacteria and the endophytic fungi having antimicrobial activity, which were isolated from stems, leaves, roots and fruits of medical plants, sambung nyawa. The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the growth inhibition of pathogenic microbes i.e Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus subtilis. A total of 38 isolates of bacteria and 15 isolates of fungi were obtained from sambung nyawa. Analysis demonstrated that, 45 percent isolates of bacteria and 20 percent isolates of fungi exhibited inhibitory activity. Antimicrobial activity was found in 21 percent of the isolates that inhibited the growth of C. albicans, E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., and B. subtilis, whereas 24 percent of isolates had activity only against B. subtilis. Isolate of endophytic bacteria USN 1.1 and USN 2.3 showed the most significant of inhibition zone. The Inhibition zone of the isolate USN 1.1 to C. albicans, E. coli, Pseudomonas sp, and B. subtilis were 2.318 cm2, 0.969 cm2, 0.796 cm2, and 0.381 cm2, respectively. The Inhibition zone of the isolate USN 2.3 to C. albicans, E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., and B. subtilis were 3.01 cm2, 0.519 cm2, 0.588 cm2 and 0.83 cm2, respectively. These results indicated that endophytic bacteria and endophytic fungi could be a promising source for antimicrobial agents.

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To examine diversity of endophytic microbes in plants, we have devised a method for isolation. We could isolate at least one kind of microbes from all the plants examined. One hundred sixty two fungi and 166 bacteria were obtained from 57 plants in Hokkaido Japan and 86 fungi and 56 bacteria were obtained from 20 plants in Java Indonesia. Among those isolates shown to have interesting bioactivities, 9 filamentous fungi were selected and taxonomic study was carried out on the basis of 18S rDNA base sequence analyses. These experiments suggest that endophytes from various plants have great diversity and useful characteristics for biotechnological applications.

Colletotrichum sp. have potential to act as antidiabetic agent, due to its alpha-glucosidase inhibitory. Therefore, the objective of present study was to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity in Colletotrichum sp. TSC13. The methanol extract of TSC13 mycelia, was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The n-hexane fraction exhibited the strongest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Column chromatography of this fraction resulted in 8 sub-fractions (F1-8). Fraction 3 (F3) which showed 71.4 +/- 2.4% inhibition was analysed further. Analysis using GC-MS after methylation of F3 and comparison to spectra databases and confirmation using authentic sample standards showed that F3 had two saturated fatty acid methyl esters, palmitic acid and stearic acid methyl esters and three unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linoleinic acid methyl esters. Unsaturated fatty acids showed higher activity than the saturated fatty acids and the methyl esters form of unsaturated fatty acids showed slightly less active than the free acids. Further analysis using an ethyl acetate extract, it was confirmed that most of the fatty acids were present in the form of free acids. Therefore, it was concluded that the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor compounds in Colletotrichum sp. TSC13 were unsaturated fatty acids. This is the first report that a Colletotrichum sp. from T. sumatrana has alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Many plant-associated bacteria synthesize the phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). Three bacterial isolates (H1, H2 and H3) were isolated from root nodules of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and tested for their productivity of indole acetic acid by spectrophotometric method. Isolate H3 showed the highest IAA production (12.28 μg/ml) in culture medium supplemented with L-Tryptophan. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolate H3 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. The cultures condition optimized for maximum IAA production by using different pH and tryptophan concentrations. IAA production of isolate H3 was maximum at pH 6 and 5 mg/ml of tryptophan concentration. The highest IAA producing isolate selected for determining its capability and compatibility to support the germination of soybean. The results showed that germination percentage and rate of soybean were not significantly different between control and isolate H3 treatment.

Endophytic microbes are considered as an important source of natural products. They show antibiotic, anticancer, antioxidative and antidiabetic activities. Therefore, there are many reports on the isolation and bioactivity screening of endophytic fungi from various plants including Taxus species. Taxus sumatrana (Miq.) de Laub is found in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to conduct an in vitro screening of 14 endophytic fungi isolated from Taxus sumatrana having antioxidative and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activities. Each endophytic fungus was cultured for 7 days and the fungal mycelium and medium were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate, respectively, to produce each extract. The antioxidative activity of each extract was tested by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and beta-carotene bleaching assays, whereas antidiabetic activity was tested based on alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity. The screening results showed that fungal mycelia of TSC 13 had the best alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity and TSC 24 had the best antioxidative activity. Isolation of bioactive compounds from TSC 13 and TSC 24 is being conducted. This is the first report that endophytic fungi isolated from T. sumatrana exhibited anti alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and anti oxidative activities.

Endophytic microbes are microbes which live symbiotically inside the plant tissue. The potential of those microbes were studied for many purposes such as industrial and agriculture. The purpose of this research was to study the potential of endophytic microbes for bioactive compound production as plants protection agent. From 238 bacteria isolates tested, it were identified that 44 bacteria were against the Xanthomonas campestris, 49 isolates against Pseudomonas solanacearum, 28 isolates against Colletotricum gloeosporioides, 18 isolates against Fusarium oxysporum, 19 isolates against Xanthomonas campestris and Pseudomonas solanacearum, 6 isolates against X. campestris and C. gloeosporioides, four isolates against X. campestris and F. oxysporum, two isolates against P. solanacearum and F. oxysporum, seven isolates against C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum, five isolates againt X. campestris, P. solanacearum and C. gloeosporioides. Fermentation process was conducted to collect the bioactive compound against pathogen. Isolates HL.50B.106 could produce bioactive compound against C. gloeosporioides, and F. oxysporum, isolates HL.13B.21 against X. campestris and P. solanacearum, isolates Hl.12B.19 against X. campestris, P. solanacearum and C. gloeosporioides. Thin layer chromatography analysis showed specific spot, different from standard (media). Spot was purple in color after sprayed with CeSO 4. Rf value of HL.50B.106 extract were 0.51 and 0.53 (fraction 1 and 2), 0.62 and 0.64 (fraction 3 and 4).

The presence of traditional tribes in Kalimantan such as Dayak people gives significant contribution for forest conservation through their social living and custom. Based on a research conducted in Batu ABSTRAKKeberadaan masyarakat tradisional di Kalimantan diantaranya masyarakat Dayak sangat berperan dalam melestarikan sumberdaya hutan melalui kehidupan sosial dan adat istiadatnya. Berdasarkan penelitian yang di lakukan di kampung Batu Majang dan Rukun Damai yang merupakan perkampungan suku Dayak Kenyah sub-suku Kenyah Uma Baka dan Uma Tukung serta sub-suku Dayak Kenyah Leppo Tau di kampung Rukun Damai, aspek pelestarian sumber daya alam hayati yang dilakukan oleh suku Dayak Kenyah terlihat dari pola pengelolaan lahan yang merupakan bagian dari pola tata ruang. Strategi pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan lahan sebagai habitat flora dan fauna yang dimanfaatkan, terdiri dari areal kampung, daerah bekas kampung yang ditinggalkan, sungai, rawa, kebun, ladang dan hutan (sekunder muda, sekunder tua dan hutan primer). Fungsi dari kawasan tersebut adalah sebagai lahan pemukiman, pertanian, perkebunan dan sebagai kawasan budaya tradisional. Lahan cadangan digunakan untuk produksi hasil hutan non-kayu dan kawasan hutan sebagai lahan konservasi dan pemanfaatan tradisional. Ketahanan sistem sosial adat tradisional masyarakat Dayak telah terbukti perannya dalam pelestarian hutan dan daerah aliran sungai (DAS), terutama di bagian hulu.