Abstract. This study aimed to assess the characteristics, utilization of antihyperglycemic drugs, and to analyze the quality of life (QOL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This two-month prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken by distributing the European Quality of Life - 5 Dimensions 3 Level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire to the patients with T2DM (n=50) admitted to Helvetia primary health center Medan to assessed their QOL. The patients’ characteristics and the utilization of antihyperglycemic drugs were assessed from the patients’ medical records using a self-designed questionnaire. The inclusion criteria were T2DM patients with age of 18 years or older, had no mental disorders, and agreed to sign the informed consent. The patients’ characteristics, their QOL, utilization of antihyperglycemic drugs, and association among their characteristics and QOL were analyzed using descriptive and Chi-Square tests. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 19, Chicago, IL, USA) (p value <0.05 was considered significant). It was found that the mean age of the T2DM patients was 59.70 ± 10.44 (years). Most (66%) of them were females. Majority (80%) of the patients graduated from primary to senior high schools. Nearly half (44%) of the patients was provided glibenclamide. The mean QOL of the patients was 0.79 ± 0.14. There was no significant association between the patients’ QOL and their characteristics (p values >0.05). This study proved that most of the T2DM patients were females. Glibenclamide was the most frequently prescribed drug for the patients. The QOL of the patients was 79% of full health. Keyword: Antihyperglycemic Drugs , EQ-5D, QOL, T2DM
Objective:The pharmacy student at clerk-ship level and pharmacists need the drug information literature contains information of prescribed drug that utilized in pharmaceutical practice daily to learn effectively. The aims of the study were to develop top 200 prescribed drugs in community pharmacies at Medan city as learning tools for the pharmacy students at clerk-ship level and pharmacists. Methods:The study was a descriptive study that used a cross-sectional survey methodology. The top 200 items of prescribed drugs obtained from the pharmacies selected regarding to random sampling method. The study was conducted from August to November 2016. The top 200 prescribed drugs lists were developed into a draft of drug information book and a group of pharmacy students at clerk-ship level and pharmacists was asked to evaluate the book and gave suggestions using a set of questionnaire. Results:The top 200 prescribed drugs list revealed that the five most prescribed drugs were amoxicillin (5.55%), followed by dexamethasone (4.44%), mefenamic acid (3.73%), cetirizine (3.16%), and ciprofloxacin (2.97%). The result of a draft of drugs information book evaluation that was evaluated by 120 pharmacy students and pharmacists showed the drug information book draft was good and able to publish. The respondents mention some suggestion for the book, i.e., "image made more attractive and in various colors and the image adjusted with an indication of drug" (43.74%) and "using language that is easily understood and more detailed information" (16.85%). Conclusions:The study has developed top 200 prescribed drugs in community pharmacies at Medan city into a validated drug information book as a learning tool. The drug information book very useful for a continuing professional development program for pharmacists and build the pharmacy student's confidence before they face the real patients at the community pharmacy practice setting.
The era of Society 5.0 is also known as the era of super smart society. The concept of society in the era of Society 5.0 is centered on humans based on technology. Therefore, life skills are needed, known as the 4Cs (Creativity, Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration). This condition also applies in the world of education, especially health education. Inter Professional Education (IPE) is a method of collaborative practice between two or more health professions that aims to improve collaboration capabilities and the quality of health services. Ideally, IPE has started at the stage of academic education in order to create Inter Professional Collaboration (IPC) in providing health services. Each profession that should collaborate has different competency targets and activities. Virtual patient is one of the learning media that can be developed to facilitate these differences. So that this media is in line with virtual learning that characterizes the era of society 5.0. This study aims to implement virtual patients in Inter Professional Education involving three health faculties, namely the faculty of medicine, faculty of nursing and faculty of pharmacy. The results of the study found that virtual patients are useful for bridging the competencies that must be achieved in inter professional learning.
BACKGROUND: Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies required by regulations to ensure therapeutic equivalence between a pharmaceutically equivalent test product and a reference product. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the bioavailability performance between the optimum formula of OROS dispersible tablet-metoclopramide dosage forms (FCL-6) and the Primperan® as the reference product. METHODS: The FCL-6 formula was design by simplex lattice design model with a three components mixture of excipients: Solid tapai extract, corn starch, and Avicel. The optimum formula of OROS dispersible tablet (ODT)-metoclopramide consists of solid tapai extract (27.038 mg), corn starch (27.407 mg), and Avicel (53.555 mg), metoclopramide hydrochloric acid (HCl) (10.00 mg), LH-11 (22.50 mg), aspartame (5.00 mg), talcum BP (3.00 mg), and Mg stearate (1.50 mg). The in vivo test was done by cross-over design method using six rabbits. The level of metoclopramide concentration from in vivo test was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography instrument. RESULTS: The study revealed that the tmax, Cmax, and area under curve (AUC) of ODT-metoclopramide FCL-6 were 60 min, 1.95 ± 0.13 μg/mL, and 1118.20 ± 150 μg/mL. min consecutively. The Cmax and the concentration of the drug absorbed in the blood (AUC) of ODT-metoclopramide were larger than Primperan® tablets. Statistical data of the optimized ODT-metoclopramide compared with Primperan® showed that the Cmax and AUC significance values were <0.05 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The optimized formula of ODT-metoclopramide revealed a better characteristic of Cmax and AUC concentration compared with Primperan®. The optimized ODT-metoclopramide with tapai extract was found to be promising to improved bioavailability of metoclopramide.
Background: A drug therapy problem is any undesirable event experienced by a patient which involves, or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that interferes with achieving the desired goals of therapy. Drug Therapy Problems (DTPs) can lead to ineffective pharmacotherapy and may cause drug-related morbidity and mortality.Objective: The study aimed to estimates the direct medical cost of illness caused by the drug morbidity or mortality related to NSAID utilization in a community pharmacy setting at Medan, Indonesia.Method: Thisstudy used 7 (seven) categories probabilities and costs associated with the therapeutic outcomes to estimate the direct medical cost of illness resulting from morbidity related NSAIDs utilization. Direct non medical costs, indirect costs, and intangible costs related to drug-related-morbidity and mortality were not valued in this cost-of-illness analysis.The duration of the study was from July 2009 to October 2010.Result: The patient that experienced NSAIDs-related morbidity estimated to spend Rp.467.848,- each and Rp.11.696.200,- in total to managing the morbidity. Every Rp.1,- spent on NSAIDs therapy, an additional Rp.1,45,- was estimated to spent in managing morbidity related NSAIDs utilization.Conclusion: This result showed the cost of illnessrelated morbidity of NSAIDs utilization exceeds the cost of the medications themselves
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine antibiotics prescribing profile for pediatric in Medan, Sumatra Utara (Indonesia) in 2016.Methods: This study was using a retrospective cross-sectional method study which conducted from October to November 2016 with data from July to August 2016. From 93 pharmacies, there are 2195 prescribed for pediatric and 740 (33.71%) prescriptions contained antibiotic. The antibiotic analyzed based on the group, type, duration of administration, and dosage-drug form along with the dose.Results: The antibiotic that mostly prescribed for pediatric was penicillin (amoxicillin) 329 prescriptions (44.46%). The onset of antibiotic revealed that 581 prescriptions (78.51%) were valid. The dosage form that most prescribed was syrup 230 prescriptions (31.08%). From 278 prescriptions, it showed that 177 (61.67%) prescriptions within an appropriate dose.Conclusion: It shows that penicillin (amoxicillin) was the most prescribed antibiotic for pediatric in Medan and there are still in appropriate dose selections.
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