Abstract. This study aimed to assess the characteristics, utilization of antihyperglycemic drugs, and to analyze the quality of life (QOL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This two-month prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken by distributing the European Quality of Life - 5 Dimensions 3 Level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire to the patients with T2DM  (n=50) admitted to Helvetia primary health center Medan to assessed their QOL. The patients’ characteristics and the utilization of antihyperglycemic drugs were assessed from the patients’ medical records using a self-designed questionnaire. The inclusion criteria were T2DM patients with age of 18 years or older,  had no mental disorders,  and agreed to sign the informed consent. The patients’ characteristics, their QOL, utilization of antihyperglycemic drugs, and association among their characteristics and QOL were analyzed using descriptive and Chi-Square tests. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 19, Chicago, IL, USA) (p value <0.05 was considered significant). It was found that the mean age of the T2DM patients was 59.70 ± 10.44 (years). Most (66%) of them were females. Majority (80%) of the patients graduated from primary to senior high schools.  Nearly half (44%) of the patients was provided glibenclamide. The mean QOL of the patients was 0.79 ± 0.14. There was no significant association between the patients’ QOL and their characteristics (p values >0.05). This study proved that most of the T2DM patients were females. Glibenclamide was the most frequently prescribed drug for the patients. The QOL of the patients was 79% of full health. Keyword: Antihyperglycemic Drugs , EQ-5D, QOL, T2DM

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Objective:The pharmacy student at clerk-ship level and pharmacists need the drug information literature contains information of prescribed drug that utilized in pharmaceutical practice daily to learn effectively. The aims of the study were to develop top 200 prescribed drugs in community pharmacies at Medan city as learning tools for the pharmacy students at clerk-ship level and pharmacists. Methods:The study was a descriptive study that used a cross-sectional survey methodology. The top 200 items of prescribed drugs obtained from the pharmacies selected regarding to random sampling method. The study was conducted from August to November 2016. The top 200 prescribed drugs lists were developed into a draft of drug information book and a group of pharmacy students at clerk-ship level and pharmacists was asked to evaluate the book and gave suggestions using a set of questionnaire. Results:The top 200 prescribed drugs list revealed that the five most prescribed drugs were amoxicillin (5.55%), followed by dexamethasone (4.44%), mefenamic acid (3.73%), cetirizine (3.16%), and ciprofloxacin (2.97%). The result of a draft of drugs information book evaluation that was evaluated by 120 pharmacy students and pharmacists showed the drug information book draft was good and able to publish. The respondents mention some suggestion for the book, i.e., "image made more attractive and in various colors and the image adjusted with an indication of drug" (43.74%) and "using language that is easily understood and more detailed information" (16.85%). Conclusions:The study has developed top 200 prescribed drugs in community pharmacies at Medan city into a validated drug information book as a learning tool. The drug information book very useful for a continuing professional development program for pharmacists and build the pharmacy student's confidence before they face the real patients at the community pharmacy practice setting.

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The era of Society 5.0 is also known as the era of super smart society. The concept of society in the era of Society 5.0 is centered on humans based on technology. Therefore, life skills are needed, known as the 4Cs (Creativity, Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration). This condition also applies in the world of education, especially health education. Inter Professional Education (IPE) is a method of collaborative practice between two or more health professions that aims to improve collaboration capabilities and the quality of health services. Ideally, IPE has started at the stage of academic education in order to create Inter Professional Collaboration (IPC) in providing health services. Each profession that should collaborate has different competency targets and activities. Virtual patient is one of the learning media that can be developed to facilitate these differences. So that this media is in line with virtual learning that characterizes the era of society 5.0. This study aims to implement virtual patients in Inter Professional Education involving three health faculties, namely the faculty of medicine, faculty of nursing and faculty of pharmacy. The results of the study found that virtual patients are useful for bridging the competencies that must be achieved in inter professional learning.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the comorbid Covid-19, leading cause of death after kidney and heart disease. Lack of understanding related to diabetes mellitus and its prevention in the community in Karya Jati sub-district, North Binjai, Binjai City and the lack of medical check-up including random blood glucose and uric acid levels make education about diabetes mellitus necessary. This program aimed to increase participants knowledge in Karya Jati sub-district, North Binjai, Binjai City about diabetes mellitus, signs/symptoms, prevention, risk factor, life style, and diabetes as covid-19 comorbidity. This program was carried out using the Active Participant Learning Method (CBPA) and medical check-up including random blood glucose and uric acid levels, as well as monitoring and evaluation of community service. Based on T-Test, the results of the pre-test and post-test analysis showed an increase in participants' knowledge about diabetes significantly (p<0.05).

Antibiotik merupakan salah satu jenis obat yang sering digunakan dalam pengobatan penyakit. Resistensi terhadap antibiotik menjadi masalah besar diseluruh dunia. Resistensi terhadap antibiotik ini sangat berkaitan dengan kesalah pahaman terhadap penggunaan antibiotik oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengetahuan, persepsi dan kepercayaan masyarakat Kota Medan terhadap penggunaan antibiotik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Cross sectional dan dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menilai pengetahuan, persepsi dan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap penggunaan antibiotik. Sebanyak 98 orang responden terlibat dalam penelitian ini, mayoritas wanita (51%), usia 43-54 tahun (36,7 %), tingkat pendidikan perguruan tinggi (44,9%) dan pekerjaan wiraswasta (43,9%). Hasil penelitian ini mendapati bahwa sebanyak 82 (83,7) masyarakat mengetahui bahwa antibiotik merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk membunuh bakteri, tapi hanya 16 (16,3%) dari mereka bahwa antibiotik tidak digunakan untuk membunuh virus. Penelitian ini juga mendapati bahwa masyarakat mempunyai pengetahuan yang rendah mengenai penggunaan dan efek samping dari antibiotik (< 60%). Mengenai resistensi sebanyak 65,4% masyarakat mengetahui penggunaan antibiotik yg tidak teratur dapat menyebabkan resistensi tapi rendah mengenai lama penggunaan antibiotik. Hasil penelitian ini juga mendapati bahwa masih terdapat banyak kesalahpahaman persepsi dan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap penggunaan antibiotik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan, bahwa pengetahuan, persepsi dan kepercayaan masyarakat mengenai antibiotik masih sangat rendah dan perlu dilakukan usaha untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman mereka mengenai antibiotik. Antibiotic is a common medicine used in treating a disease. Antibiotic resistance becomes a big problem around the world. Antibiotic resistance is very related to the misunderstanding of antibiotic use in society. This research aimed to evaluatehow were the knowledge, perception, and belief of Medan people about antibiotic use. This was a cross sectional research and analyzed descriptively to evaluate the knowledge, perception, and belief of the people about antibiotic use. There were 98 respondents in this research, the majority was women (51%), 43-54 years (36.7%), university education level (44.9%) and entrepreneurs (43.9%). This research found 82 (82.7%) people knew that antibiotic is a medicine to kill bacteria, but there were only 16 (16.3%) people knew that antibiotic is not used to kill virus. This research also found that people had low knowledge about the use and the side effects of antibiotic (<60%). 65.4% people knew that the irregular use of antibiotic can cause resistance to antibiotic but only a few knew about the antibiotic use duration. This research also found that people often misunderstood about the perception and belief in using antibiotic. Based on this research result, it could be concluded that the knowledge, perception, and belief of the people about antibiotic were still low and efforts were needed to increase their understanding and knowledge about antibiotic.

BACKGROUND: Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies required by regulations to ensure therapeutic equivalence between a pharmaceutically equivalent test product and a reference product. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the bioavailability performance between the optimum formula of OROS dispersible tablet-metoclopramide dosage forms (FCL-6) and the Primperan® as the reference product. METHODS: The FCL-6 formula was design by simplex lattice design model with a three components mixture of excipients: Solid tapai extract, corn starch, and Avicel. The optimum formula of OROS dispersible tablet (ODT)-metoclopramide consists of solid tapai extract (27.038 mg), corn starch (27.407 mg), and Avicel (53.555 mg), metoclopramide hydrochloric acid (HCl) (10.00 mg), LH-11 (22.50 mg), aspartame (5.00 mg), talcum BP (3.00 mg), and Mg stearate (1.50 mg). The in vivo test was done by cross-over design method using six rabbits. The level of metoclopramide concentration from in vivo test was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography instrument. RESULTS: The study revealed that the tmax, Cmax, and area under curve (AUC) of ODT-metoclopramide FCL-6 were 60 min, 1.95 ± 0.13 μg/mL, and 1118.20 ± 150 μg/mL. min consecutively. The Cmax and the concentration of the drug absorbed in the blood (AUC) of ODT-metoclopramide were larger than Primperan® tablets. Statistical data of the optimized ODT-metoclopramide compared with Primperan® showed that the Cmax and AUC significance values were <0.05 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The optimized formula of ODT-metoclopramide revealed a better characteristic of Cmax and AUC concentration compared with Primperan®. The optimized ODT-metoclopramide with tapai extract was found to be promising to improved bioavailability of metoclopramide.