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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Vulcanization Chemicals 2.1. Basics of Vulcanization 2.2. Sulfur‐Containing Cross‐Linking Agents 2.3. Vulcanization Accelerators 2.3.1. Classes of Accelerators 2.3.2. Toxicology and Ecology of Organic Vulcanization Accelerators 2.3.3. Delivery Forms of Vulcanization Accelerators 2.4. Accelerator Activators 2.5. Sulfur‐Free Cross‐Linking Agents 2.5.1. Peroxides (Organic Peroxides and Peroxycarboxylic Acids) 2.5.2. Quinone Dioxime 2.5.3. Polymethylolphenol Resins 2.5.4. Other Cross‐Linking Agents 2.5.5. Radiation Cross‐Linking 2.6. Vulcanization Retarders 3. Antidegradants 3.1. Appearance of Aging and Fatigue 3.2. Classification and Types of Antidegradants 3.2.1. Staining Antidegradants that Act as Anti‐Flex‐Cracking Agents and Antiozonants 3.2.2. Staining Antidegradants with Protection against Fatigue, but Not against Ozone 3.2.3. Staining Antidegradants with Little or No Protection against Fatigue and None against Ozone 3.2.4. Nonstaining Antidegradants with Protection against Fatigue or Ozone 3.2.5. Nonstaining Antidegradants without Protection against Fatigue or Ozone 3.2.6. Nonstaining Antiozonants without Protection against Aging 3.2.7. Other Antidegradants 3.3. Choice of Antidegradants 4. Fillers and Pigments 4.1. Typical Properties and Types of Fillers 4.1.1. Action of Fillers 4.1.2. Properties of Fillers and Their Significance 4.2. Carbon Blacks 4.3. White Fillers 4.3.1. Precipitated Silicas 4.3.1.1. Production 4.3.1.2. Physicochemical Properties 4.3.1.3. Commercial Products 4.3.1.4. Essentials of Rubber Silicas 4.3.2. Inactive White Fillers 4.3.3. Coating of Fillers 4.4. Pigments 4.4.1. White Pigments 4.4.2. Inorganic Colored Pigments 4.4.3. Organic Colored Pigments 4.5. Organic Fillers 5. Plasticizers 5.1. General 5.2. Mineral Oils 5.3. Synthetic Plasticizers 5.4. Natural Products 6. Processing Additives 6.1. Behavior and Classification of Processing Additives 6.2. Peptizers 6.3. Dispersing Agents and Lubricants 6.4. Homogenizers 6.5. Tackifiers 6.6. Release Agents 6.6.1. Batch‐Off Release Agents 6.6.2. Mold Release Agents 6.6.3. Release Agents for Special Applications 6.6.3.1. Mandrel Release Agents 6.6.3.2. Bladder Release Agents 6.6.3.3. Inside Tire Paint 6.6.3.4. Outside Tire Paints 6.7. Other Processing Additives 7. Rubber Adhesion 7.1. Adhesion of Rubber to Reinforcing Materials 7.2. Rubber – Metal Bond 8. Chemical Blowing Agents 8.1. Cellular Rubber Articles 8.2. Product Types and Properties 9. Latex Chemicals 10. Flameresistant Rubber Articles 10.1. Combustion Process in Polymeric Materials 10.2. Testing of Flammability 10.3. Inhibition of Combustion
To study the network structure generated by the polysulfide polymer [[(CH2)2S4]p as a crosslinking agent, model compound vulcanization with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene as the model alkene was carried out. It was found that the polysulfide polymer generates hybrid bridges of the general constitution Sn−(CH2CH2−Sm)k(n=1−4,m=1−4,k=1−6). To a lesser extent the polysulfide polymer behaves as a sulfur donor generating conventional sulfur bridges Sx(x=1−5). Polysulfidic bridges (x=4, 5) were only detected in the very early stage of network formation. The process of network formation and the development of the bridges during prolonged heating was monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy and compared with that of a sulfur cure. In the case of the polysulfide polymer cure the early network contained a relatively high amount of mono-and disulfidic bridges and a stable network was formed after at least 60 min of heating (150 °C). This effect results from the higher thermal stability of hybrid bridges in comparison to conventional sulfur bridges. The higher stability of the hybrid bridges also leads to a suppression of the formation of 3,4-dimethylthiophene which has been identified in the sulfur cure as a product of reversion processes. Thus, the increased reversion stability of polysulfide polymer cures, which has been claimed earlier, can be related to the formation and the increased stability of the hybrid bridges.
No abstract
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