Rubber, 4. Chemicals and Additives

Weidenhaupt, H.-J.; Abele, Manfred; Pieroth, Manfred; Hofmann, Werner

doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_365

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Furthermore, several of the molecules detected in PDA control that were not detected from the empty flask (benzaldehyde, dodecane, etc.) may also have arisen from the glue, rubber and other synthetic materials [55], making it uncertain the exact origin of these observed volatiles.…”

Section: Pda Medium Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms

et al. 2020

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Fungi and oomycetes release volatiles into their environment which could be used for olfactory detection and identification of these organisms by electronic-nose (e-nose). The aim of this study was to survey volatile compound emission using an e-nose device and to identify released molecules through solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC/MS) analysis to ultimately develop a detection system for fungi and fungi-like organisms. To this end, cultures of eight fungi (Armillaria gallica, Armillaria ostoyae, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium poae, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma asperellum) and four oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. plurivora, P. ramorum) were tested with the e-nose system and investigated by means of SPME-GC/MS. Strains of F. poae, R. solani and T. asperellum appeared to be the most odoriferous. All investigated fungal species (except R. solani) produced sesquiterpenes in variable amounts, in contrast to the tested oomycetes strains. Other molecules such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and benzene derivatives were found in all samples. The results suggested that the major differences between respective VOC emission ranges of the tested species lie in sesquiterpene production, with fungi emitting some while oomycetes released none or smaller amounts of such molecules. Our e-nose system could discriminate between the odors emitted by P. ramorum, F. poae, T. asperellum and R. solani, which accounted for over 88% of the PCA variance. These preliminary results of fungal and oomycete detection make the e-nose device suitable for further sensor design as a potential tool for forest managers, other plant managers, as well as regulatory agencies such as quarantine services.

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Section: Pda Medium Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms

et al. 2020

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“…p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a useful ingredient to many industrial chemicals (e.g., rubber antioxidants, textile fibers and thermoplastics). [1][2][3] In commerce, the preparation of PPD almost always starts with 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) followed by catalytic hydrogenation over noble metals under H 2 atmosphere. 3 However, these methods suffer from the limitations of rigorous reaction conditions, high cost and tedious procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic insight into the photocatalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitroaniline over band-gap-tunable CdS photocatalysts

Lin

Liang

et al. 2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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CdS photocatalysts with tunable band gaps (2.17-2.32 eV) were successfully prepared by a solvothermal method. Photocatalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitroaniline over the obtained samples was evaluated in the presence of HCO2NH4 as a hole scavenger upon purging with N2 under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm). The CdS sample prepared by CdCl2 and sulfur powder in ethylenediamine showed excellent catalytic activity, giving 100% of 4-nitroaniline conversion and 95% of p-phenylenediamine selectivity after 35 min of visible light irradiation. The results of electron spin resonance revealed that its photoexcited holes could efficiently react with HCO2(-) ions within HCO2NH4 molecules to produce ˙CO2(-) radicals with strong reductive abilities. Furthermore, photoexcited electrons of the obtained sample exhibited relatively strong reductive abilities as compared to other CdS samples. Therefore, this sample showed the highest catalytic activity among the CdS samples for the photocatalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitroaniline.

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“…Literature contemporaneous of this object describes that neoprene was not usually vulcanised with sulphur, instead zinc or magnesium oxides are used as curing agents [ 22 ] (p. 61); presently it is possible to vulcanise CR with sulphur [ 69 ]. At 21.68 and 23.22 min, the database F-Search allows to identify two components, which could be hinting towards the use of rosin or a derivative (metal soap of rosin acid) as an additive in the sample; these are known as stabilisers [ 25 ] (p. 289) or tackifiers [ 70 ] (p. 47), [ 71 ]. This additive, used since the beginning of rubber technology, has lost importance with time, because as a product of natural origin it is difficult to obtain with consistent quality.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Analysis and a Visual Guide of Degradation Phenomena in Historical Synthetic Polymers as Tools to Follow Ageing Processes in Industrial Heritage Collections

2021

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Identifying the most vulnerable plastics and monitoring their deterioration is one of the main problems within heritage collections with historical synthetic polymers. Gathering and interpreting data about material and degradation phenomena in a collection reveals its conservation needs. A systematic survey of the collection can help towards this purpose. Surveys aiming at inspecting and documenting damages rely on several tools in order to fulfill their purpose. Firstly, objective descriptions of the damages that may appear, and secondly, the means of acquiring and interpreting material information. To address these needs, this article presents (a) a visual damage catalogue of degradation phenomena in plastic and rubber materials, and (b) the implementation of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) for the identification of analytically challenging rubber materials and of blooming phenomena. The damage catalogue is based solely on visual and olfactory signs, so that the assessment is independent of possible causes of damages and underlying processes, with the purpose of allowing objectivity to prime over interpretation. The limitations of the use of FTIR in the identification of heavily compounded rubbers in museum surveys is highlighted, and examples are presented. The use of py-GCMS on these cases conveniently allowed the identification of the constituting monomers of several rubber materials where FTIR could not provide a univocal classification of the material present. The study of several cases of blooming allowed the identification of diverse compositions and origins, showing that the description of a degradation phenomenon is only the first step towards its understanding. Unveiling the nature of a particular case of blooming is particularly critical when conservation treatments, such as the removal of a (potentially protecting) layer, are planned. For this purpose, attenuated total reflection-FTIR (ATR-FTIR) as a surface technique was particularly useful.

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Rubber, 4. Chemicals and Additives

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms

Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms

Mechanistic insight into the photocatalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitroaniline over band-gap-tunable CdS photocatalysts

Material Analysis and a Visual Guide of Degradation Phenomena in Historical Synthetic Polymers as Tools to Follow Ageing Processes in Industrial Heritage Collections

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