Rubber, 9. Chemicals and Additives

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Vulcanization Chemicals 2.1. Basics of Vulcanization 2.2. Sulfur‐Containing Cross‐Linking Agents 2.3. Vulcanization Accelerators 2.3.1. Classes of Accelerators 2.3.2. Toxicology and Ecology of Organic Vulcanization Accelerators 2.3.3. Delivery Forms of Vulcanization Accelerators 2.4. Accelerator Activators 2.5. Sulfur‐Free Cross‐Linking Agents 2.5.1. Peroxides (Organic Peroxides and Peroxycarboxylic Acids) 2.5.2. Quinone Dioxime 2.5.3. Polymethylolphenol Resins 2.5.4. Other Cross‐Linking Agents 2.5.5. Radiation Cross‐Linking 2.6. Vulcanization Retarders 3. Antidegradants 3.1. Appearance of Aging and Fatigue 3.2. Classification and Types of Antidegradants 3.2.1. Staining Antidegradants that Act as Anti‐Flex‐Cracking Agents and Antiozonants 3.2.2. Staining Antidegradants with Protection against Fatigue, but Not against Ozone 3.2.3. Staining Antidegradants with Little or No Protection against Fatigue and None against Ozone 3.2.4. Nonstaining Antidegradants with Protection against Fatigue or Ozone 3.2.5. Nonstaining Antidegradants without Protection against Fatigue or Ozone 3.2.6. Nonstaining Antiozonants without Protection against Aging 3.2.7. Other Antidegradants 3.3. Choice of Antidegradants 4. Fillers and Pigments 4.1. Typical Properties and Types of Fillers 4.1.1. Action of Fillers 4.1.2. Properties of Fillers and Their Significance 4.2. Carbon Blacks 4.3. White Fillers 4.3.1. Precipitated Silicas 4.3.1.1. Production 4.3.1.2. Physicochemical Properties 4.3.1.3. Commercial Products 4.3.1.4. Essentials of Rubber Silicas 4.3.2. Inactive White Fillers 4.3.3. Coating of Fillers 4.4. Pigments 4.4.1. White Pigments 4.4.2. Inorganic Colored Pigments 4.4.3. Organic Colored Pigments 4.5. Organic Fillers 5. Plasticizers 5.1. General 5.2. Mineral Oils 5.3. Synthetic Plasticizers 5.4. Natural Products 6. Processing Additives 6.1. Behavior and Classification of Processing Additives 6.2. Peptizers 6.3. Dispersing Agents and Lubricants 6.4. Homogenizers 6.5. Tackifiers 6.6. Release Agents 6.6.1. Batch‐Off Release Agents 6.6.2. Mold Release Agents 6.6.3. Release Agents for Special Applications 6.6.3.1. Mandrel Release Agents 6.6.3.2. Bladder Release Agents 6.6.3.3. Inside Tire Paint 6.6.3.4. Outside Tire Paints 6.7. Other Processing Additives 7. Rubber Adhesion 7.1. Adhesion of Rubber to Reinforcing Materials 7.2. Rubber – Metal Bond 8. Chemical Blowing Agents 8.1. Cellular Rubber Articles 8.2. Product Types and Properties 9. Latex Chemicals 10. Flameresistant Rubber Articles 10.1. Combustion Process in Polymeric Materials 10.2. Testing of Flammability 10.3. Inhibition of Combustion

Corrosion protection of AA2024 by sol–gel coatings modified with MBT-loaded polyurea microcapsules

“…However, for MBT@PU-MC profile there is a smaller weight loss when temperature reaches 400 ºC due to the presence of MBT. MBT is a well-known organic vulcanization accelerator [30] and increases the thermal resistance of rubber. In this case, this feature can be used to estimate the loading content of MBT in MBT@PU-MC.…”

Backbone and side chain-linker tunability among dithiocarbamate, ester and amide in sequence-defined oligomers: synthesis and structure–property–function relationship

“…Similarly, the reaction proceeded with propyl bromide and benzyl bromide under identical conditions to yield the 4-mer. The 3-mer ( 12) and 4-mer (14) were characterized by their [M + H] + at 410.22 and 719.20 Da, respectively. The retention time of the HPLC traces indicates that the hydrophobicity of the SDO increases as the chain length increases (for example from 6 to 7) and the hydrophobicity decreases during the formation of 8, as it has a free secondary amine.…”

“…All three SDO classes have provision to incorporate a wide range of sidechain functional groups. The rationale behind keeping DTC constant in all of the SDO scaffolds is that DTC is an excellent candidate for both material (e.g., heavy metal sensor 5 and vulcanization accelerators in rubber industries 14 ) and biomedical (e.g., antileishmanial agents, 15 anti-acute myelogenous leukaemia agents, 16 antitrypanosomatids, 17 anticancer 18 ) applications. This strategy for the synthesis of SDOs thus has a unique advantage of changing both the backbone as well as the side chain.…”

“…The rationale behind keeping DTC constant in all of the SDO scaffolds is that DTC is an excellent candidate for both material ( e.g. , heavy metal sensor 5 and vulcanization accelerators in rubber industries 14 ) and biomedical ( e.g. , antileishmanial agents, 15 anti-acute myelogenous leukaemia agents, 16 antitrypanosomatids, 17 anticancer 18 ) applications.…”

Metal‐Free and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reduction of 4‐Nitroaniline by a Poly(Ethylene Glycol)‐Supported Eosin Dye under Visible‐Light Exposure

“…Aminobenzenes represent an important class of industrial intermediates for the synthesis of a variety of chemicals. [1] p-Phenylenediamine (PPD), for example, is a well-known aminobenzene-derived compound which enters in the production of different types of products such as textile azo dyes and pigments, [2,3] antioxidants, [4] aramid textile fibers [1] and accelerators for rubber vulcanization. [1] PPD behaves as an excellent intermediate in preparation of materials possessing high temperature stability, high strength, chemical and electrical resistance.…”