Este artigo aborda a "escolarização" na teoria organizacional: o processo pelo qual novas escolas de pensamento se estabelecem como estruturas teóricas legítimas e distintas. Argumenta-se que o desenvolvimento de escolas de pensamento deve exibir uma combinação de inovação, continuidade e escopo para alcançar status de escola. Esses atributos são descritos, e seu papel na promoção da detecção e assimilação de produtos intelectuais de uma escola, assim como na criação de uma corrente de pesquisa empírica, é discutido. Também são elaboradas oito proposições testáveis de um modelo teórico, além de serem discutidas implicações para futuras pesquisas.

SummaryThis paper represents an initial effort to explore the empirical relationship between business ideologies and perceptions of organizational downsizing. The results of four studies, two conducted in the US and one each in Singapore and Korea, suggest that respondents' belief in the ideology of employee self-reliance reduces the degree to which they perceive layoffs as a breach of the psychological contract. This finding appears to generalize to respondents' perceptions of their own layoffs and also to respondents' perceptions of layoffs happening to others. We spell out the implications of these results for the evolving theory of the ideological foundations of perceptions of downsizing.

This paper explores the effects of three managerial ideologies on the degree of psychological contract breach perceived in connection with a downsizing event. Results from surveys conducted in the U.S. and Singapore suggest that a strong belief in the ideologies of market competition or shareholder interest reduces the perceived contract breach associated with a downsizing, while strong belief in the third ideology, the ideology of employee worth, has the opposite effect. Theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

[1] The nonuniform distribution in longitude of the four Dst stations provides an unexpected opportunity to examine the storm-substorm relationship. This is because any asymmetry of the ring current with the longitudinal scale size less than or comparable to the spacing between the two closely located stations, Honolulu and Kakioka, 62°, would result in UT variation of the Dst index. In this paper, prominent UT variations in Dst are found with the index being 23% lower than the daily mean around 0700 UT and 28% higher around 1200 UT during the main phase of magnetic storms. Since the midpoints between the two stations are around dusk (1800 MLT) and midnight (2330 MLT) at 0700 and 1200 UT respectively, the deviations from the daily average Dst can be interpreted as the development of a partial ring current around dusk and a substorm wedge current in the midnight sector. Interestingly, the UT variation is only noticeable during the main phase of a storm, thus suggesting a possibility that substorm expansive activity is closely associated with storm development. The causal relationship between substorm and storm is further investigated by comparing the AL and Dst indices, assuming that the AL index carries partly the substorm expansive signature. Admitting that a substorm is a transient phenomenon while a storm is a longer period one, an integrated index over a given interval is helpful in examining the contribution of substorms to the development of the storm-time ring current. For this purpose, the cumulative AL and Dst indices are devised. The two indices thus defined are highly correlated with each other regardless of storm phases. More importantly, it is shown that for a given level of Dst, almost twice of the cumulative AL index is needed during the main phase than during the recovery phase. This indicates that a higher level of substorm activity in terms of the cumulative AL index is required to maintain a given level of the Dst index before the maximum phase of a storm than afterwards. It may also have an important implication in understanding the causal relationship between magnetospheric substorms and geomagnetic storms.

Este artigo aborda a "escolarização" na teoria organizacional: o processo pelo qual novas escolas de pensamento se estabelecem como estruturas teóricas legítimas e distintas. Argumenta-se que o desenvolvimento de escolas de pensamento deve exibir uma combinação de inovação, continuidade e escopo para alcançar status de escola. Esses atributos são descritos, e seu papel na promoção da detecção e assimilação de produtos intelectuais de uma escola, assim como na criação de uma corrente de pesquisa empírica, é discutido. Também são elaboradas oito proposições testáveis de um modelo teórico, além de serem discutidas implicações para futuras pesquisas.

Polar cap potential has long been considered as an indicator for the amount of energy flowing in the magnetosphereionosphere system. Thus, the estimation of polar cap potential is important to understand the physical process of the magnetosphere. To estimate the polar cap potential in the Northern Hemisphere, merging electric field by Kan & Lee (1979) is adopted. Relationships between the PC index and calculated merging electric field (E*) are examined during full-time and storm-time periods separately. For this purpose Dst, AL, and PC indices and solar wind data are utilized during the period from 1996-2003. From this linear relationship, polar cap potential (Φ*) is estimated using the formula by Doyle & Burke (1983). The values are represented as 58.1 ± 26.9 kV for the full-time period and 123.7 ± 84.1 kV for a storm-time period separately. Considering that the average value of polar cap potential of Doyle & Burke (1983) is about 47 kV during moderately quiet intervals with the S3-2 measurements, these results are similar to such. The monthly averaged variation of Dst, AL, and PC indices are then compared. The Dst and AL indices show distinct characteristics with peaks during equinoctial season whereas the average PC index according to the month shows higher values in autumn than in spring. The monthly variations of the linear correlation coefficients between solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices are also examined. The PC-AL linear correlation coefficient is highest, being 0.82 with peaks during the equinoctial season. As with the AL index, the PC index may also prove useful for predicting the intensity of an auroral substorm. Generally, the linear correlation coefficients are shown low in summer due to conductance differences and other factors. To assess the role of the PC index during the recovery phase of a storm, the relation between the cumulative PC index and the duration is examined. Although the correlation coefficient lowers with the storm size, it is clear that the average correlation coefficient is high. There is a tendency that duration of the recovery phase is longer as the PC index increases.

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