Despite these viruses emerging in different geographic areas, they have become an undeniable threat to worldwide public health and economic burden. The coronaviruses (CoVs) include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and especially the most recent SARS-CoV variant, SARS-CoV-2, which has caused the virulent, airborne, and infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that continues to affect millions of people, resulting in the ongoing pandemic outbreak. [3,[6][7][8][9][10] Considering that most of the described viral-based community spread infections occur through aerosols and fomites [11] transmitted by presymptomatic and asymptomatic people, [12] diagnostic methods for the early detection with high accuracy and on-site capability are crucial and would further aid the current needs of the epidemic outbreak. [13][14][15] In clinical methodology, the emerging mutations and the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 isolates are determined by DNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. [6,16] These BALF samples come in the form of nasopharyngeal swabs or sputum samples, and the viral nucleic acid detection is performed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain Several viral infectious diseases appear limitless since the beginning of the 21 st century, expanding into pandemic lengths. Thus, there are extensive efforts to provide more efficient means of diagnosis, a better understanding of acquired immunity, and improved monitoring of inflammatory biomarkers, as these are all crucial for controlling the spread of infection while aiding in vaccine development and improving patient outcomes. In this regard, various biosensors have been developed recently to streamline pathogen and immune response detection by addressing the limitations of traditional methods, including isothermal amplification-based systems and lateral flow assays. This review explores state-of-the-art biosensors for detecting viral pathogens, serological assays, and inflammatory biomarkers from the material perspective, by discussing their advantages, limitations, and further potential regarding their analytical performance, clinical utility, and point-ofcare adaptability. Additionally, next-generation biosensing technologies that offer better sensitivity and selectivity, and easy handling for end-users are highlighted. An emerging example of these next-generation biosensors are those powered by novel synthetic biology tools, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) with CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas), in combination with integrated point-of-care devices. Lastly, the current challenges are discussed and a roadmap for furthering these advanced biosensing technologies to manage future pandemics is provided.
