Despite these viruses emerging in different geographic areas, they have become an undeniable threat to worldwide public health and economic burden. The coronaviruses (CoVs) include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and especially the most recent SARS-CoV variant, SARS-CoV-2, which has caused the virulent, airborne, and infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that continues to affect millions of people, resulting in the ongoing pandemic outbreak. [3,[6][7][8][9][10] Considering that most of the described viral-based community spread infections occur through aerosols and fomites [11] transmitted by presymptomatic and asymptomatic people, [12] diagnostic methods for the early detection with high accuracy and on-site capability are crucial and would further aid the current needs of the epidemic outbreak. [13][14][15] In clinical methodology, the emerging mutations and the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 isolates are determined by DNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. [6,16] These BALF samples come in the form of nasopharyngeal swabs or sputum samples, and the viral nucleic acid detection is performed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain Several viral infectious diseases appear limitless since the beginning of the 21 st century, expanding into pandemic lengths. Thus, there are extensive efforts to provide more efficient means of diagnosis, a better understanding of acquired immunity, and improved monitoring of inflammatory biomarkers, as these are all crucial for controlling the spread of infection while aiding in vaccine development and improving patient outcomes. In this regard, various biosensors have been developed recently to streamline pathogen and immune response detection by addressing the limitations of traditional methods, including isothermal amplification-based systems and lateral flow assays. This review explores state-of-the-art biosensors for detecting viral pathogens, serological assays, and inflammatory biomarkers from the material perspective, by discussing their advantages, limitations, and further potential regarding their analytical performance, clinical utility, and point-ofcare adaptability. Additionally, next-generation biosensing technologies that offer better sensitivity and selectivity, and easy handling for end-users are highlighted. An emerging example of these next-generation biosensors are those powered by novel synthetic biology tools, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) with CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas), in combination with integrated point-of-care devices. Lastly, the current challenges are discussed and a roadmap for furthering these advanced biosensing technologies to manage future pandemics is provided.
Increasing access to modern clinical practices concomitantly extends lifespan, ironically revealing new classes of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of later years. Here, an electronic graphene field‐effect transistor (gFET) is reported, termed EV‐chip, for label‐free, rapid identification and quantification of exosomes (EV) associated with aging through specific surface markers, CD63 and CD151. Studies suggest that blood‐derived exosomes carry specific biomolecules that can be used toward diagnostic applications of age and health. However, to observe improvements in patient outcomes, earlier detection at the point‐of‐care (POC) is required. Unfortunately, conventional techniques and other electronic‐based platforms for exosome sensing are burdensome and inept for the POC distinction of aged blood factors. It is shown that EV‐chip can quantitatively detect purified exosomes from plasma, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 × 104 particles mL−1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6 × 104 particles mL−1. The sensitivity and compact electronics of the EV‐chip improves upon previously published electronic biosensors, making it ideal for a physician's office or a simple biological laboratory. The sensitivity, selectivity, and portability of the EV‐chip demonstrate the potential of the biosensor as a powerful point‐of‐care diagnostic and prognostic tool for age‐related diseases.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.