Periodontal disease is a chronic adult condition. Bacteria implicated in the etiology of this disease causes destruction of connective tissue and bone. As a result of stimulation by bacterial antigen PMN produces free radicals via respiratory burst as a part of host response to infection. Patients with periodontal disease display increased PMN number and activity. This proliferation results in high degree of free radical release culminating in heightened oxidative damage to gingival tissues, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Damage mediated by free radicals can be mitigated by “ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM “. Physiological alteration and pathological states produced by free radicals depend on disequilibrium between free radical production and antioxidant levels leading to oxidative stress.Hence this study has been designed to estimate the TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY in patients with PERIODONTITIS and healthy control subjects

Background:Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been linked with oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense. A connection has been established between diabetes and periodontal disease.Aim:The aim of present study was to compare salivary total antioxidant capacity of type 2 DM patients and healthy subjects with and without periodontal disease.Materials and Methods:A total of 120 subjects consisting of 30 type 2 DM patients with periodontal disease; 30 type 2 DM patients without periodontal disease; 30 healthy subjects with periodontal disease; 30 healthy subjects without periodontal disease were included in the study. After clinical measurement and samplings, total antioxidant capacity in saliva of type 2 diabetic and healthy subjects were determined, and the data were tested by non-parametric tests. Total antioxidant capacity of the clinical samples was determined spectrophotometrically.Results:The mean salivary total antioxidant capacity was lowest in diabetic patients with periodontitis.Conclusion:Total antioxidant capacity is inversely proportional to the severity of inflammation and can be used as an useful marker of periodontitis in healthy and diabetic patients.

Background:Among the cells involved in immune and inflammatory responses in periodontal disease, mast cells have been shown to be capable of generating a large number of biologically active substances. Mast cells are mobile, bone-marrow-derived, granule-containing immune cells that are found in all connective tissue and mucosal environments and in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Mast cells are able to phagocytose, process and present antigens as effectively as macrophages. The present study was undertaken to quantify the mast cells in health and disease, whether they correlate degree of inflammation and clinical features of periodontium.Materials and Methods:Ten cases of localized chronic periodontitis (CP), 10 cases of dental plaque-induced gingivitis (DPIG) and 10 cases of clinically healthy gingival tissues were selected. Samples were obtained from patients undergoing for periodontal surgery in CP and DPIG. In health group third molar impacted and covered with operculum without any inflammation were selected. Sample fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained with Toludine blue stain and observed under binocular microscope.Conclusion:In human periodontal disease there is an increase in the number of mast cells that may be participating either in the destructive events or in the defense mechanism of periodontal disease via secretion of cytokines.

Background:The anterior lingual salivary glands (glands of Blandin–Nuhn) are mixed mucous and serous glands that are embedded within the musculature of anterior tongue ventrum.Aim:The present study was designed to describe the clinical and histopathological features.Material and Methods:We investigated the clinical and histopathologic features of 30 cases of mucocele of glands of Blandin–Nuhn. All the cases were seen in the department of pedodontics.Results:All the lesions were located on the ventral surface of the tongue. Lesions were situated at the midline in 24 patients and laterally in 6 patients. All the lesions were surgically treated. There was female predominance, and most patients were younger than 15 years.Conclusion:Histopathological examination showed extravasation type of mucocele, suggesting that trauma may be a frequent initiating factor. All the patients were younger than 15 years.

The aim of this study was to review the pattern and prevalence of maxillofacial fractures occurring in rural children, at Rural Dental College and Hospital, Loni, Central Maharashtra, India. A retrospective analysis of patient records and radiographs was conducted during the 5 year period between January 2005 and December 2010. Data were identified and analysed based on age group, gender and anatomic site. During the 5 year period, 156 patients with 163 maxillofacial fractures were reviewed, males formed 70 % and females formed 30 % of studied population with the peak incidence rate occurring in 10-12-year old age group. The most common fracture site in maxilla was dentoalveolar component (70 %) and in mandible common fracture site was condyle (40.9 %). Of the fractures, 43 % were from accidental fall, 24.3 % from assaults, 16 % from road traffic accidents, 13.5 % from sporting injuries and 3.2 % from other causes such as animal injuries. Our results exhibit that accidental falls were the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures, and males were three times more affected than females. There is variation of incidence and pattern of maxillofacial injuries from region to region.

A BSTRACT Background: The chances of extrusion of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) are quite high if apical barrier is not present in immature pulpless permanent teeth. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) enriched with platelets and growth factors serves to accelerate the wound healing of periapical lesion in immature pulpless permanent teeth and also serves as internal matrix to condense MTA. Aim: The aim of the present study was to comprehensively review the clinical success of MTA+PRF in healing of periapical lesions in immature pulpless permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: An electronic search for systematic review was conducted in Pubmed/Medline ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ), Cochrane ( www.cochrane.org ), Scopus ( www.scopus.com ) databases upto 15th January 2020 related to the healing of periapical lesions in permanent teeth with immature apices when combination of MTA+PRF was used. A sample of 10 relevant studies and case reports were identified in our search out of 65. The sampling method was simple random technique. The studies and case reports with Randomised Controlled Trials(RCTs), Invitro studies, Case reports and animal studies in healing of periapical lesion were included in our comprehensive systematic review. Results: The search showed that the combination of MTA+PRF showed faster and definite periapical lesion healing in immature permanent teeth. The follow-up period was also recorded in all the relevant studies and case reports. Conclusion: Acclerated bone filling was seen in healing of periapical leions when MTA+PRF was used.

Corona virus infection has affected many people and resulted in numerous deaths. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel strain of coronavirus that has not been recognized in humans earlier. The disease originated in China and has now become a pandemic affecting countries worldwide. The clinical characteristics in children seem to be milder as compared to adults, but the exact clinical features related COVID-19 are still unknown and unclear. This is the reason why a child can be considered as a “silent carrier” for COVID-19. The pandemic has affected the children as well. Children usually suffer from the most common oral disease of dental caries. Dental caries in children has been attributed to having its pathophysiology related in a cytokine response. In the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse outcomes in children, though reported less, has been related to the establishment of a cytokine storm, the components of which are common with the cytokine expression profile of Dental caries and early childhood caries in children. Early carious lesions results in early involvement of dental pulp thereby resulting in periapical pathology. The open carious lesions can result in the direct entry of virus from saliva in the dental pulp of infected patients. The resulting periapical pathology contains viral load and hence virus enters the blood circulation. A dental setting is at a high risk of cross infection amid patients and dental practitioner’s owing to the spread of infection via droplets suspended in the air by infected symptomatic or asymptomatic subjects. This article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to pediatric dentistry. The antimicrobial therapy to be given to pediatric patients has been also highlighted in the present review. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children, though they are milder are given equal importance. Also this article reviews the precautions and guidelines to be followed by the dentists. The present article reviews the impact of Coronavirus infection on pediatric dental practice and gives the future recommendations. The present article also gives the future directions to the government which can considered if possible. KEY WORDS Children, COVID-19, Pediatric Dentistry

Insulin Resistance syndromes (IR's), are a group of genetic disorders caused due a functional defect in chromosome 19p13. It is an autosomal recessive condition. Donohue Syndrome was initially described by Donohue and Uchida in 1948 and 1954, a case of sisters born to parents with a first-degree consanguineous marriage. Infants presented with typical facial features that resembled the Leprechaun elves of Irish fairy tales. The following is a report of a rare case of dental complications of Severe Insulin Resistance Syndrome. An eight year old female child, with characteristic features of severe insulin resistance syndrome, reported to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, presenting with cariously destructed molars and a previous history of dental treatment under local anaesthesia. Given her condition, it was decided to reduce the multiple appointments, to one appointment with all procedures done under general anaesthesia. The following case report discusses the advantages, disadvantages and post operative complications faced when forming a treatment strategy for Severe Insulin Resistance Syndrome.