Drug resistance is a phenomenon where by an organism becomes fully or partially resistant to drugs or antibiotics being used against it. Antibiotic resistance poses an exacting intimidation for people with underlying medical immune conditions or weakened immune systems. Infections caused by the enzyme extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing multi drug resistance (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are resistant to a broad range of beta lactams, including third generation cephalosporins. Among all the pathogens, these two MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae have emerged as one of the world's greatest health threats in past two decades. The nosocomial infections caused by these ESBL producing MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae complicated the therapy and limit treatment options.

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A partial replacement of fish meal with Spirulina platensis (Sp) meal for the diet of juvenile shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) was analyzed for the growth and survival under laboratory condition. A total of five experimental diets were formulated with partial replacement of fishmeal by Sp meal, Sp-1 (14.3%), Sp-2 (28.6%), Sp-3 (42.8%), Sp-4 (57.14%), and the control diet (Sp meal free diet). The feeding trial was conducted for the period of 60 days. Juveniles fed with Sp meal supplemented diet showed significant (P<0.05) improvement of carcass composition (protein ratio and edible flesh). Higher growth and survival were obtained in P. monodon fed with Sp-3 diet, it was significantly (P <0.05) greater than the Sp meal free diet. The feeding efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival (93.3%) of the shrimp was significantly (P<0.05) high in the Sp-3 diet. Survival rate was also higher in diet Sp-3 (42.8% substitution), but lower survival and growth rate observed in Sp-4 (57.14% substitution) and control diets. The Physico-chemical quality of the experimental tank water was better in Sp-3, and Sp-2 diet groups. This study recommended that Sp meal as alternative protein substitute of fish meal in shrimp diet.

The bioprospecting proficient of novel pigmented probiotic strains with respect to aquaculture industry was unexplored hitherto. In this study, we investigated the probiotic potential of novel pigmented bacterial strains isolated from the indigenous soil sediments in their vicinal habitats, which were screened for their antimicrobial activity against aquatic pathogens using agar well diffusion assay. The strains namely Exiguobacterium acetylicum (S01), Aeromonas veronii (V03), and Chryseobacterium joostei (V04) were phenotypically identified and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Further characterization revealed that strains S01 and V03 survive relatively in lower pH and higher bile salt concentrations and possess good adherence ability and broad-spectrum antibiotic susceptibility. The isolate S01 exhibited the higher adhesion ability to hydrocarbons (82%) and mannose-specific adhesion (msa) gene expression. Additionally, the probiotic effects were evaluated in Artemia nauplii fed with algae supplemented with S01, V03, and V04 strains (2.7 × 10 cfu/mL) for 3 days under axenic environment. We observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the survival rate of Artemia nauplii treated with S01 (83 ± 5%) and V03 (55 ± 5%), whereas the survival rate was only 30 ± 0% in the untreated group. Moreover, the individual length (IL) was increased in treated group S01 (156.7 ± 2.2 μm), V03 (146.1 ± 3.4 μm), and V04 (134.4 ± 2.5 μm) compared with untreated group (116.0 ± 4.8 μm). Our results revealed that E. acetylicum S01 exhibits desirable functional probiotic attributes compared to A. veronii and C. joostei and it would be a promising probiotic strain, which can be efficiently used in the aquaculture applications.

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Objective: The focus of this study was to explore the nuance strategy to combat the virulence factors of the pathogens by probiotic Enterococcus durans LAB38.Methods: Probiotic attributes was determined by bile salt tolerance (0.5%) and Artemia gnotobiotic assay. Quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity of the supernatant and ethyl acetate (EA) extract of LAB38 was evaluated using the indicator strains, includes Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 (miniTn5 mutant of ATCC 31532), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Reporter strains, Vibrio harveyi BB170 (luxN mutant), BB886 (luxP mutant) and Escherichia coli pSB401 (pACYC184-derived) were used for bioluminescence-based target specificity analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of EA extract was performed using standard protocol.Results: LAB38 has shown bile salt tolerance and positive probiotic effect toward Artemia salina. In addition, 100 µg/ml EA extract has significantly reduced the violacein production (37±1.4%) in CV026, biofilm formation in MRSA (94±0.9 %) and PA (22±0.08%). Further, 200 µg/ml of EA extract has shown inhibition against both autoinducer-1 (AI-1) and AI-2 mediated QS system. Bioluminescence inhibition is directly proportional to the time of exposure. GC-MS result revealed that bromine, sulfur containing molecule and azulene derivative were found in the EA extract. Conclusion:This is the first report on probiotic E. durans for quorum quenching activity. Hence, the bacterium could be used for future therapeutics application.

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