Extended spectrum β‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: critical tools for antibiotic resistance pattern

Abstract

Drug resistance is a phenomenon where by an organism becomes fully or partially resistant to drugs or antibiotics being used against it. Antibiotic resistance poses an exacting intimidation for people with underlying medical immune conditions or weakened immune systems. Infections caused by the enzyme extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing multi drug resistance (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are resistant to a broad range of beta lactams, including third generation cephalosporins. Among all the pathogens, these two MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae have emerged as one of the world's greatest health threats in past two decades. The nosocomial infections caused by these ESBL producing MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae complicated the therapy and limit treatment options.

Distinct Skin Microbiome and Skin Physiological Functions Between Bedridden Older Patients and Healthy People: A Single-Center Study in Japan

“…showed significant positive correlations (Supplementary Table 2). These bacteria are notoriously known to exhibit drug resistance and sometimes cause fatal nosocomial infections (51)(52)(53)(54). These findings suggest the importance of maintaining the skin physiological conditions better, not only in terms of skin hygiene but also in terms of restoring skin physiological functions to a healthy state to prevent infections in hospitals.…”

Carriage of carbapenemase‐ and extended‐spectrum cephalosporinase‐producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans and livestock in rural Cambodia; gender and age differences and detection of blaOXA‐48 in humans

“…Genes encoding carbapenemases, ESBLs and pAmpCs are often located on mobile genetic elements, for example plasmids, in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, enabling dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria (Padmini et al, 2017). The emergence of carbapenemase-producing E. coli/K.…”

“…Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause a variety of severe infections, which are increasingly difficult to treat due to acquired resistance to critically important antibiotics (WHO, ). Resistance to broad‐spectrum beta‐lactam antibiotics in E. coli and K. pneumoniae is commonly due to the production of enzymes, which are characterized as carbapenemases, extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid‐borne AmpC beta‐lactamases (AmpCs), and the latter two may also be collectively referred to as extended‐spectrum cephalosporinases (ESCs; Padmini, Ajilda, Sivakumar, & Selvakumar, ). Genes encoding carbapenemases, ESBLs and pAmpCs are often located on mobile genetic elements, for example plasmids, in E. coli and K. pneumoniae , enabling dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria (Padmini et al, ).…”

Assessment of multidrug resistance in bacterial isolates from urinary tract-infected patients

“…Risk factors associated with cystitis in females are, previous UTI, sexual activity, obesity, genetic susceptibility, and viginal infection (Foxman, 2014;Hooton, 2012). UTIs have association with certain factors that hinder immunity (Levison & Kaye, 2013;Lichtenberger & Hooton, 2008;Padmini, Ajilda, Sivakumar, & Selvakumar, 2017) or urinary tract, i.e. renal failure, transplantation, indwelling catheters, etc.…”

“…Use of β-lactam antibiotics is found to be associated with ESBL positivity (Azap et al, 2010), such as penicillin (Rodríguez-Baño, Alcalá et al, 2008), cephalosporin (Colodner et al, 2004), and Quinolone (Søraas, Sundsfjord, Sandven, Brunborg, & Jenum, 2013). At present, ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae have become resistant to broad ranges of β-lactam drugs and even third-generation cephalosporins (Padmini et al, 2017). Although the prevalence of ESBL producing isolates is variable depending upon the geographic location (Jabeen, Zafar, & Hasan, 2005).…”