2 Homophobia and heterosexism: Spanish physical education teachers' perceptionsPhysical education is traditionally a heteronormative environment, despite current studies highlighting the existence of positive changes in sport towards sexual diversity. In Spain, physical education teachers' attitudes towards sexual minorities are an under-researched area. The current study identifies physical education teachers' perceptions towards homophobia and heterosexism in their lessons, raising questions as to whether societies are hostile or more tolerant in regards to gays and lesbians in sport. This experimental and cross-sectional descriptive research involved 170 Physical Education teachers from mixed schools, using a modified version of the original questionnaire of homophobia and heterosexism perceptions by Morrow and Gill (2003). Results show heterosexist and homophobic behavior is apparent in physical education lessons, with teachers aware of these behaviours. Furthermore, it is highlighted that students use homosexually-themed language as an instrument to discriminate against gays and lesbians. This language use is not common among teachers, although when it is present, it is clearer and more frequent amongst male teachers.

Abstract.The subject of this paper consists on the ideal of women in Spain during Franco's dictatorship (1939Franco's dictatorship ( -1975 and how it was transmitted through women Physical Education and female sports, directed by the Women Section. The research focuses on the concepts and values from different fields (political, professional, cultural, religious, etc.) which described women and determined their life during this period, and which showed through physical and sport activities specific to this gender. The research is justified and put into context in the first part of the paper. In the second part of the paper it is described the female model as proposed by the ideology of the dictatorship, and how this model was reflected in female Physical Education -both in the initial training of female teachers and in the proposed practices for Spanish women. In the third part of the paper some of the contradictions of the Women Section regarding the woman archetype are exposed, as well as the final conclusions of this investigation.

Las investigaciones realizadas en los últimos años en el área del deporte y la educación física, resaltan la existencia de un clima hostil hacia las diversidades en este ámbito. Además, reconocen la importancia del papel del profesorado de educación física como agente implicado en un cambio de sensibilidad. Con este estudio se persigue conocer las opiniones y actuaciones del profesorado de educación física en relación con la homofobia y a la aceptación de diferentes tipos de masculinidades en sus clases. La investigación se lleva a cabo mediante entrevistas realizadas a 10 docentes de educación física en Andalucía. Los resultados destacan la sensibilidad que estos docentes dicen que tienen hacia la diversidad sexual en sus aulas, afirmando que tienen un trato cordial y respetuoso con estas personas. Sin embargo, estas afirmaciones a veces se contradicen con otras declaraciones de este profesorado, que en muchos casos reproducen de manera inconsciente estereotipos con su alumnado, transmitiendo una educación discriminativa. Por tanto, podemos concluir que existe un pequeño número de chicos y chicas que no se amoldan a los patrones sociales asignados a los hombres y a las mujeres, sin embargo, la gran mayoría de estos chicos sufren discriminaciones y hasta agresiones por no cumplir con los principios de la masculinidad impuesta.Palabras clave: homosexualidad, masculinidades, educación física, profesorado, igualdad, coeducación.Abstract: Current researches in sport and physical education underline existence of a hostile climate for diversities in this area. In addition, scholars recognize important role of physical education teachers as involved agent in the change of sensitivity. This study aims to know the opinions and engagements of physical education teachers regarding homophobia and acceptation of different kind of masculinities in their classes. The research was carried out with interviews to 10 physical education teachers in Andalusia. The results highlight the sensitivity that these teachers affirm to have towards sexual diversity in their classes, asserting being friendly and respectful with this part of the population. Nevertheless, sometimes such assertions contradict other assertions of these teachers, transmitting a discriminative education. Consequently, we conclude that there is a small group of girls and boys who don’t adjust to social patterns assinged to men and women, nevertheless, most of them suffer discriminations, even harassments by not fulfill with the principles of imposed masculinity.Key words: homosexuality, masculinities, physical education, teachers, equity, coeducation.

La pedagogía no lineal presenta diferencias importantes respecto a los modelos de enseñanza tradicionalmente empleados en balonmano. La ausencia de investigaciones sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en balonmano desde la pedagogía no lineal motivó el presente trabajo. El objetivo fue conocer la influencia ejercida por dos constreñimientos introducidos en una tarea: defensa zonal de una línea (LI1) y defensa zonal de dos líneas con defensor avanzado (LI2), en los comportamientos, ofensivos y defensivos, realizados por jugadores de balonmano. Estos constreñimientos, representativos de los sistemas defensivos más utilizados en balonmano, se aplicaron en la disputa de 16 partidos reducidos, durante las ocho sesiones en las que se desarrolló el estudio. Se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual/nomomético/multidimendional para registrar los comportamientos de 14 jugadores (M=14.6 años y SD=0.4) de categoría cadete masculino, que se dividieron en dos grupos para la disputa de los partidos. El análisis de coordenadas polares permitió conocer la influencia ejercida por ambos constreñimientos a nivel general, analizando los comportamientos de ambos equipos conjuntamente y, también, de manera específica para cada equipo. Así, se encontraron relaciones significativas de activación mutua entre: (1) LI1 y fijación impar, lanzamiento en penetración, lanzamiento a distancia, bloqueo, cambio de oponente, ayudas y contrabloqueo; y (2) entre LI2 y desmarques, deslizamiento e interceptación. Conocer la influencia ejercida por los constreñimientos aplicados en las tareas (comportamientos que facilitan e inhiben) es clave en la aplicación de la pedagogía no lineal, de esta manera se podrán seleccionar aquellos que ayuden a conseguir los objetivos propuestos.  Abstract. Non-linear pedagogy presents important differences regarding the teaching approaches traditionally used in handball. The absence of research that addresses the teaching-learning process in handball from nonlinear pedagogy motivated the present work. The objective was to analyse the influence of certain task constraints: zonal defense of one line (LI1) and zonal defense of two lines with advanced defender (LI2), in the behaviour patterns, offensive and defensive ones, performed by handball players. These constraints, representative of the most used defensive handball systems, were applied in 16 small-sided games, during the eight sessions in which the study was developed. A nomothetic/punctual/monitoring observational design was used to register the behaviours performed by 14 players (M = 14.6 years and SD = 0.4), members of a team that competes in the male cadet category, who were divided into two groups for the matches. The analysis of polar coordinates allowed to know the influence exerted by both constraints at a general level, analyzing jointly the behaviors of both teams and, also, specifically for each team. Thus, significant relationships of mutual activation were found between: (1) LI1 and odd fixation, penetration throw, distance throw, block, opponent change, assist and counter block; and (2) between LI2 and uncheck, slip and intercept. Knowing the influence exerted by the task constraints (behaviors that facilitate and inhibit) is key in the application of non-linear pedagogy, in this way those that help to achieve the proposed objectives can be selected.

ResumenLa hermenéutica del deporte es una de las líneas de investigación emergentes dentro de la filosofía del deporte. Bajo esta orientación, este artículo se propone analizar los conceptos heideggerianos de Mitsein o "ser-con" y de aletheia o verdad como desvelamiento, aplicando ambos al ámbito del deporte. Para ello, en primer lugar se establece un marco referencial a partir de conceptos importantes dentro de la analítica existencial desarrollada por Heidegger en "Ser y Tiempo". En segundo lugar se caracterizan los conceptos de Mitsein y aletheia para, posteriormente, aplicarlos al ámbito del deporte. Al respecto hay que indicar que el convivir cotidiano con los otros, incluso en el deporte, se mueve entre dos extremos, el "sustitutivo-dominante", que es un modo de ser inauténtico pero habitual, y el "anticipativo-liberador" que, a diferencia del primero, es un modo de ser auténtico pero poco frecuente. Las conclusiones plantean que la hermenéutica del deporte tiene, como principal tarea, la de promover una segunda reflexión sobre la práctica deportiva capaz de superar la inmanencia del deporte propia de la primera reflexión, donde el deportista pueda hallar un significado auténtico a su existencia.Palabras clave: Hermenéutica, Heidegger, existencia, deporte. AbstractSport hermeneutics is an emerging research topic within the philosophy of sport. From this perspective, this article aims to analyze Heidegger's concepts of "Mitsein," or "being-with", and "aletheia," or "truth as unveiling" applied to sport. To do this, firstly, a framework from which to understand Heidegger's key concepts in his existential analytic in Being and Time is provided. Secondly, the concepts of "Mitsein" and "aletheia" are explained and, then, applied to sport. With regard to this, it is worth noting that the daily coexistence with others, even within sport, moves between two poles, the "substitutive-dominant", which is an inauthentic way of being but common, and the "anticipatory-liberator", which is an authentic way of being though uncommon. To conclude, it is argued that sport hermeneutics must promote a second-order reflection on the sporting practice by which the athlete can find the true meaning to his or her existence, exceeding the immanent character of sport on which first-order reflection focuses.

Este ensaio procura analisar criticamente o termo esporte a partir de sua definição e características. Desta forma, trata da questão altamente controversa de saber se o esporte eletrônico (e-sports) poderia fazer parte do conceito de esporte. Com base nesta ideia, pretende-se provocar reflexão e debate sobre a consistência, clareza e precisão do termo esporte. Como conclusões, argumenta- se que o esporte eletrônico poderia ser considerado esporte de acordo com a definição atual do termo, embora a conclusão mais relevante seja que o conceito de esporte necessita de uma nova definição nas qual as suas características básicas sejam clarificadas em relação ao contexto atual.

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