The influence of drugs on the labeling of red blood cells and plasma proteins with 99mTc has been reported. Any drug, which alters the labeling of the tracer, could be expected to modify the disposition of the radiopharmaceuticals. Red blood cells (RBC) labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) are used for several evaluations in nuclear medicine. We have evaluated the effect of Thuya occidentalis, Peumus boldus and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) extracts on the labeling of RBC and plasma and cellular proteins with 99mTc. Blood was incubated with the drugs. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) solutions and 99mTc were added. Plasma (P) and blood cells (BC) were separated. The percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) bound to P and BC was determined. The %ATI on the plasma and cellular proteins was also evaluated by precipitation of P and BC samples with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and isolation of soluble (SF) and insoluble (IF) fractions. The analysis of the results shows that there is a decrease in %ATI (from 97.64 to 75.89 percent) in BC with Thuya occidentalis extract. The labeling of RBC and plasma proteins can be decreased in presence of tobacco. This can be due either a direct or indirect effect (reactive oxygen species) of tobacco. The analysis of radioactivity in samples of P and BC isolated from samples of whole blood treated with Peumus boldus showed a rapid uptake of the radioactivity by blood cells in the presence of the Peumus boldus, whereas there was a slight decrease in the amount of 99mTc radioactivity in the TCA-insoluble fraction of plasma. This study shows that extracts of some medicinal plants can affect the radiolabeling of red blood cells with 99mTc using an in vitro technique.

Ginkgo biloba is the phytoterapic most used in popular medicine in the treatment of cerebral senescence. Red blood cells (RBC) labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is used for several evaluations in nuclear medicine. This labeling depends on a reducing agent, usually the stannous ion. Any drug, which alters the labeling of the tracer, could be expected to modify the disposition of the radiopharmaceutical. We have evaluated the influence of the Ginkgo biloba extract on the labeling of RBC and plasma proteins with Tc-99m. Blood was withdrawn and incubated with Ginkgo biloba extract (0; 0.004; 0.04; 0.4; 4; 20 and 40 mg/ml). Stannous chloride (1.2 ml/ml) was added and, then, Tc-99m was added. Plasma (P) and blood cells (RBC) were isolated, also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and soluble (SF) and insoluble fractions (IF) separated. The analysis of the results shows that there is a decrease in the radioactivity (from 97.7 ± 0.7 to 49.5 ± 3.9%) in RBC with the drug (4 mg/ml). In the labeling process of RBC with Tc-99m, the stannous and pertechnetate ions pass though the membrane, so, we suggest that the Ginkgo biloba effect can be explained by (i) an inhibition of the transport of these ions, (ii) damage in membrane, (iii) competition with the cited ions for the same binding sites, or (iv) possible generation of reactive oxygen species that could oxidize the stannous ion.The use of medicinal plants or natural products has increased in the last decades all over the world. Ginkgo biloba is a gymnosperm considered a "living fossil" and is the phytoterapic most used in popular medicine in the treatment of cerebral senescence. Ginkgo biloba extract has important antioxidant properties due to probably to the presence of flavonoids 1,2,3 .In nuclear medicine, red blood cells (RBC) are usually labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) and used as radiopharmaceutical in studies of the cardiac function, volemia and detection of gastrointestinal bleeding sites. Plasma proteins are also labeled with Tc-99m and used for evaluation of lung perfusion and location of placenta 4,5 . These labeling techniques involve the pre-tinning of the blood constituents with stannous ions, followed by exposure to Tc-99m, as sodium pertechnetate, which is reduced within of the cell and remains trapped intracellularly by the binding in the beta chain of hemoglobin 4,5,6 .It is reported that many substances can alter the labeling of blood elements with Tc-99m 7 . There are some studies about the effect of the medicinal plants (Thuya occidentalis, Nicotiana tabacum, Peumus boldus, Maytenus ilicifolia) on the labeling of RBC (6,7,8,9,10). We have studied the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the labeling of RBC and plasma proteins with Tc-99m.The analysis of the results (Table 1) indicates that there is a significant decrease (p<0.05) on the uptake of Tc-99m by the red blood cells with the concentrations from 0.4 up to 20 mg/ml of the extract of Ginkgo biloba. The analysis of the results also indicates that there is a significant decrease (...

Objetivo: analisar a vulnerabilidade dos cuidadores de idosos com demência. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de natureza quanti-qualitativa. O período de coleta de dados ocorreu de 01/09/14 à 30/10/14. Resultados: Do total de artigos analisados 26% apontam intervenções para alívio da sobrecarga; 20% analisam a carga de depressão; 16% dos estudos abordam a sobrecarga do cuidador; 14 % pautaram suas discussões no bem estar físico e espiritual, bem estar psicológico e social e nos prejuízos a qualidade de vida; 12% abordaram o estresse. Conclusão: Pesquisadores de diversos países apontam os impactos do cuidado na vida do cuidador, destacando: a sobrecarga emocional, estresse rotineiro e sintomas depressivos. Entretanto, existem medidas atenuantes, identificadas através das pesquisas, que podem contribuir para alívio do estresse cotidiano, como por exemplo: a prática diária de meditação yoga, a religiosidade, o relacionamento positivo entre a família, o idoso e o cuidador. Descritores: Demência, Cuidadores, Enfermagem familiar.

RESUMO: "Infl uência da bifl orina na marcação do tecnécio-99m em células vermelhas do sangue, proteínas do plasma, proteínas celulares e em linfócitos: estudos in vitro". Neste artigo relatam-se os resultados de um estudo in vitro envolvendo a infl uência da bifl orina (uma o-quinona isolada de Capraria bifl ora L. que possui uma potente atividade antimicrobiana) na marcação do Tc-99m em células vermelhas do sangue, proteínas do plasma, proteínas celulares e em linfócitos. O sangue foi coletado de ratos Wistar e incubado com várias concentrações de bifl orina, e soluções de cloreto estanoso (SnCl 2 ) adicionando-se Tc-99m. O plasma (P) e as células vermelhas do sangue (CVS) foram isolados, precipitados e centrifugados, isolando-se as frações solúveis (FS) e insolúveis (FI). A maior concentração de bifl orina (100%) é capaz de reduzir a captação do Tc-99m (%ATI) nas CVS e a fi xação na FI-P. Uma solução de 0,2 mL de linfócitos (2,5 mL; 1.0 x 10 6 células/mL), obtidos por centrifugação de sangue humano tratado com Ficoll-Hypac, foi incubada com bifl orina (0,1 mL). Soluções de cloreto estanoso e Tc-99m foram então adicionadas. Os linfócitos foram separados e o %ATI presente nessas células foi avaliado. Uma redução no %ATI (de 97,85 ± 0,99 a 88,86 ± 5) foi observada para CVS e para FI-P (73,24 ± 5,51 a 20,72 ± 6,95). Os resultados não mostraram decréscimo no %ATI para os linfócitos com bifl orina.Unitermos: Capraria bifl ora, radiofarmacêuticos, pertecnetato de sódio. ABSTRACT:In this paper we report the results of an in vitro study involving the infl uence of bifl orin (an o-quinone isolated from Capraria bifl ora L. that has potent antimicrobial activity) on the Tc-99m labeling of red blood cells, plasma protein, cells protein, and lymphocytes. Blood was withdrawn from Wistar rats and incubated with various concentrations of bifl orin, and solutions of stannous chloride and Tc-99m were added. Plasma (P) and red blood cells (RBC) were isolated, precipitated, and centrifuged, and soluble (SF) and insoluble (IF) fractions were isolated. The results show that the highest concentration (100%) of bifl orin is able to reduce the uptake of Tc-99m (%ATI) on RBC and the fi xation on IF-P. To study the infl uence of bifl orin on 99mTc lymphocyte labeling, human blood was submitted to a technique with Ficoll-Hypac and centrifuged, and white cells were isolated. Lymphocytes (2.5 mL; 1.0 x 10 6 cells/mL) were obtained and a 0.2 mL solution was incubated with bifl orin (0.1 mL). Solutions of stannous chloride and 99mTc were added. Lymphocytes were separated and the %ATI bound in these cells was evaluated. A reduction in %ATI (from 97.85 ± 0.99 to 88.86 ± 5) was observed for RBC and for IF-P (73.24 ± 5.51 to 20.72 ± 6.95). In this case the results showed no decrease in %ATI for the lymphocytes with bifl orin.

Ginkgo biloba is the phytoterapic most used in popular medicine in the treatment of inflammation, free-radical with traumatic brain injury and Afzheimer's dementia. Red blood cells (RBC) labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) are used for several evaluations in nuclear medicine. This labeling depends on a reducing agent, usually the stannous ion. Any drug which alters the labeling of the tracer could be expected to modify the disposition of the radiopharmaceutical. We have evaluated the influence of the Ginkgo biloba extract on the labeling of RBC and plasma proteins with Tc-99m. Blood was withdrawn and incubated with Ginkgo biloba extract (0; 0.004; 0.04; 9.4; 4 and 20 mg/mL). Stannous chloride (1.2 pl/mL) was added and, then, Tc-99m was added. Plasma (P) and blood cells (RBC) were isolated, also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and soluble (SF) and insoluble fractions (IF) separated. The analysis of the results shows that there is a decrease in the radioactivity (fiom 97.7 5 0.7 to 49.5 5 3.9%) in RBC with the drug (4mg/mL). In the labeling process of RBC with Tc-99m, the stannous and pertechnetate ions pass though the membrane, so, we suggest that the Ginkgo biloba effect can be explained by (i) an inhibition of the transport of these ions, (ii) damage in membrane, (iii) competition with the cited ions for the same binding sites, or (iv) possible generation of reactive oxygen species that could oxidize the stannous ion.

Vellozia pusilla Pohl is a species of the botanic family Velloziaceae that occurs in the subtropical regions of South America and, although it lives under conditions of high solar irradiation and low water availability, shows great longevity. The methanol extract of roots, stem and leaf sheaths of this species showed an antitumoral activity through the inhibition of the enzyme Topoisomerase I when analyzed by an in vitro bioassay employing DNA repair or recombination deficient mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the evaluation of the effect of Vellozia pusilla methanol extract on the labeling of RBC, blood of mice was treated with 99mTc tracer solutions. The percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) bound to plasma (P) and blood cells (BC) was determined. The %ATI in the insoluble fraction of plasma (IF) was also evaluate, and the results showed that there was a decrease in %ATI in this fraction that represents the plasmatic proteins.
Vellozia pusilla Pohl é uma espécie de planta da família Velloziaceae que ocorre em regiões subtropicais da América do Sul e, apesar de viver sob condições de alta incidência solar e baixa disponibilidade de água, apresenta grande longevidade. O extrato metanólico das raízes, caule e folhas desta espécie apresentou atividade antitumoral através da inibição da enzima Topoisomerase I quando utilizado o bioensaio in vitro que emprega cepas mutantes Saccharomyces cerevisiae que apresentam deficiência na reparação ou recombinação do DNA. Na avaliação do efeito do extrato metanólico de Vellozia pusilla na marcação dos elementos sangüíneos com tecnécio 99m, sangue de rato foi tratado com solução de 99mTc como traçador sendo determinado o percentual de radioatividade (%ATI) no plasma (P) e nas células vermelhas (BC). As frações solúvel e insolúvel do plasma também foram avaliadas. Os resultados mostraram que houve um decréscimo de %ATI na fração insolúvel do plasma que é representada pelas proteínas plasmáticas

Ilex paraguariensis (mate-tea) has been used to treat type-2 diabetes and emphysema. This tea presents antioxidant activity and promotes satiety, body weight lowering and improves bone mineral density. Blood constituents have been labeled with technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) and this labeling depends on the presence of a reducing agent. Stannous chloride has been widely utilized with this purpose. The influence of natural and synthetic drugs in this procedure has been reported. It was evaluated with effect of an aqueous mate-tea extract on the labeling of blood constituents with 99m Tc and on the morphology of erythrocyte. Blood samples of Wistar rats were incubated with mate-tea extract, stannous chloride and 99m Tc-sodium pertechnetate. Blood cells (BC) and plasma (P) were isolated. BC and P were also precipitated and soluble (SF) and insoluble (IF) fractions separated. The radioactivity was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) determined. Blood smears were performed for morphological evaluation. The data show a significant (p < 0.05) alteration of %ATI in BC, IF-C and IF-P as well as on the erythrocyte morphology. These findings could be related to the redox properties of the substances of the mate-tea extract, as well as due to the interference in the transport of stannous and/pertechnetate into the BC due to the morphological alterations of the erythrocytes.

Natural products have been widely used by human beings. However, sometimes the biological effects of these products are not fully known. Chayotte (Sechium edule) is a vegetable used in the folk medicine. Red blood cells (RBC) labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) have several clinical applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of an extract of chayotte on the labeling of blood elements with 99mTc using stannous chloride (SnCl 2) in the concentrations like to 1.2, 0.006, 0.0005 and 0.0006 µg/ml. The extract of chayote was incubated in various concentrations for 1hour with blood which was withdrawn from Wistar rats. After that SnCl 2 was added and the incubation continued for more 1 h. Elapsed this time 99mTc as sodium pertechnetate (NaTcO 4) was toted. The blood was centrifuged and plasma (P) and RBC were isolated, also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA, 5%) and soluble (S) and insoluble (I) fractions (F) of plasma and cells (C) were determined. The radioactivity (ATI%) was rated in RBC, IF-P and IF-C. The results have showed that extract was able to reduce the radiolabeling using SnCl 2 (0.006, 0.0005 and 0.0006µg/ml). We can speculate that this effect may be on account of the products with oxidant proprieties.