The aim of the present study was to evaluate the insecticidal effect of the cassia, thyme and oregano volatile oils against the immature and adult flea's stages. For this purpose, the tested samples were chemically characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. The mortality of larvae and adult fleas, eggs, and pupae of Ctenocephalides felis felis was performed through in vitro tests at different concentration levels. Inhibition of development and residual efficacy were also determined. The chemical characterization of the cassia, thyme, and oregano volatile oils presented cinnamaldehyde (91%), thymol (44.7%), and carvacrol (76.2%), respectively, as major constituents. In general, the samples showed insecticidal activity for both immature and adult flea's stages. The best LC 50 values for adults were obtained by oregano volatile oils (33.5 and 21.8 μg•cm −2 , respectively, 24 and 48 h). Cassia volatile oils showed the best results against larvae (17.2 and 10.3 μg•cm −2 , respectively, 24 and 48 h), eggs (3 μg.cm −2), and pupae (34.6 μg•cm −2), as well as the lowest value for inhibition of development (2.3 μg•cm −2). The oregano and thyme volatile oils showed residual efficacy greater than 80% for 6 days while cassia showed this result for 4 days. The results demonstrated the potential of volatile oils for flea control in all stages of the life cycle, with emphasis on cassia. The residual effects of the volatile oils are promising for the development of new and environmentally friendly phyto-pesticides for veterinary uses.
This study aimed the optimization of culture condition and composition for production of Cryptococcus laurentii 11 biomass and lipids in cheese whey medium supplemented with sugarcane molasses. The optimization of pH, fermentation time, and molasses concentration according to a full factorial statistical experimental design was followed by a Plackett-Burman experimental design, which was used to determine whether the supplementation of the culture medium by yeast extract and inorganic salts could provide a further enhancement of lipids production. The following conditions and composition of the culture medium were found to optimize biomass and lipids production: 360 h fermentation, 6.5 pH and supplementation of (g L−1): 50 molasses, 0.5 yeast extract, 4 KH2PO4, 1 Na2HPO4, 0.75 MgSO4·7H2O and 0.002 ZnSO4·H2O. Additional supplementation with inorganic salts and yeast extract was essential to optimize the production, in terms of product concentration and productivity, of neutral lipids by C. laurentii 11. Under this optimized condition, the production of total lipids increased by 133% in relation to control experiment (from 1.27 to 2.96 g L−1). The total lipids indicated a predominant (86%) presence of neutral lipids with high content of 16- and 18-carbon-chain saturated and monosaturated fatty acids. This class of lipids is considered especially suitable for the production of biodiesel.
Evaluation of impacts of high CO 2 atmospheric concentration is strategically important for the development of adaptation measures and sustainable crop management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration on eucalypt rust (Puccinia psidii), C:N ratio, yield and chemical composition of essential oils and growth of eucalypt clonal plantlets. Two clones with different levels of rust resistance were studied: a Eucalyptus urophylla 9 E. camaldulensis hybrid (VM 01) and an E. urophylla (clone MN 463). The experiments were performed in open-top chambers (OTCs) with CO 2 mean concentrations (lmol mol À1 ) of 399 (unenclosed control), 412 (OTCs with ambient CO 2 concentration) and 508 (OTCs with high CO 2 concentration) and in closed chambers (CCs) with CO 2 mean concentrations of 390, 405, 520 and 700. Increased atmospheric CO 2 concentrations resulted in a decrease in rust pustules per leaf, uredinia per leaf area, spores per uredinia and area under the disease progress curve in VM 01 (hybrid) clonal plantlets. The disease did not occur in MN 463 clonal plantlets, which demonstrated that high CO 2 concentrations did not change the level of rust resistance. Plant growth of the two clones was stimulated by up to 23% in height and 26% in stem diameter in OTCs and by 18% for both clones in CCs. An increased C:N ratio in leaves, stems and roots was observed only for the VM 01 clonal plantlets. Essential oils produced by VM 01 (2.8 g 100 g À1 ) and MN 463 (1.4 g 100 g À1 ), as well as the major essential oil compounds (80% 1.8-cineole for VM 01; 50% 1.8-cineole and 32% a-pinene for MN 463), were not altered. In this study, increased concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 favourably impacted eucalypt growth and reduced rust severity, while not influencing the production of essential oils.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito de diferentes adubos orgânicos em associação ou não com adubo verde na produção de folhas de Ocimum selloi Benth., planta nativa do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente (CNPMA), localizado no município de Jaguariúna, em duas áreas distintas, sendo uma delas submetidas anteriormente ao plantio e incorporação de adubo verde (Crotalaria juncea). Os tratamentos utilizados foram T1 - testemunha (solo sem adubação), T2 - cama de aviário (5 kg m-2), T3 - hidrolisado de peixe (produto comercial Fishfértil - 5 mL m-2) e T4 - composto orgânico (4 kg m-2). A colheita foi realizada 180 dias após o plantio, em janeiro de 2011, sendo colhidas as plantas úteis (quatro plantas por parcela). Avaliou-se o rendimento de fitomassa fresca e seca. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o esquema fatorial 2x4, com quatro repetições (blocos). As médias obtidas foram submetidas à análise de variância seguida de teste de médias (Tukey). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a cama de aviário apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios quanto à produção de folhas de Ocimum selloi quando comparados aos demais tratamentos orgânicos, não se observando incremento nos resultados pela associação com o adubo verde Crotalaria juncea.
RESUMO:O Brasil possui em sua flora a maior diversidade genética do mundo, apresentando varias espécies nativas. Dentre as plantas nativas do Brasil encontra-se o gênero Baccharis (família Asteraceae) que possui algumas espécies popularmente conhecidas como carqueja, carqueja amarga ou vassoura. Estas espécies são utilizadas na medicina popular como protetora e estimulante do fígado, para o controle da obesidade, diabetes, hepatite, gastroenterite, digestiva, diurética, depurativa, tônica, antianêmica e anti-reumática. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a composição química do óleo essencial de duas populações do gênero Baccharis coletadas em Paty do Alferes, visando encontrar novas fontes de carquejol e acetato de carquejila. Amostras de duas populações diferentes de carqueja foram coletadas em propriedades particulares Paty do Alferes -Rio de Janeiro em novembro de 2010. Estas foram secas a temperatura ambiente (28ºC +-2) e à sombra. O óleo essencial das duas amostras de Baccharis sp. foi extraído por hidrodestilação em aparelho tipo Clevenger modificado durante 4 horas. O mesmo foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM Shimadzu, QP 5050, coluna capilar DB-5 -30 m x 0.25mm x 0.25m). Utilizou-se o Helio como gás carreador (1.7mL/ min); temperatura do injetor: 240ºC e detector: 230ºC, Split: 1:20, no seguinte programa de temperatura: 60° C -240° C (3°C/ min). A identificação da composição química dos óleos essenciais foi realizada pela comparação de seus espectros de massa e valores de índice de Kovats (IK) com compostos conhecidos descritos na literatura. Foram identificados 19 compostos nestes óleos essenciais. Os principais compostos encontrados foram trans-cariofileno (22,0 % e 18,1%), seguido por germacreno-D (7,0%), biciclogermacreno (8,5%), ledol (13,7%), espatulenol (13,8% e 20,7%) e óxido de cariofileno (8,3% e 12,0%). Carquejol e acetato de carquejila não foram observados nestas amostras de óleo essencial, o que pode ser um indicativo que esta espécie não é B. trimera. Os resultados apresentados apontaram que as amostras coletadas em Paty do Alferes apresentam composição química similar e podem ser a mesma espécie vegetal, com grande indicativo de ser B. crispa (B cylindrica). Palavras-chave:Baccharis, trans-cariofileno, espatulenol, hidrodestilação.ABSTRACT: Chemical composition of essential oil from two samples of carqueja (Baccharis sp.) collected in Paty do Alferes -Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazil presents the highest vegetable genetic diversity of the world. Among the native plants of Brazil is some species of genus Baccharis (Asteraceae family) and popularly known as "carqueja". This medicinal specie has been used as diuretic, tonic, digestive, protective and stimulate of the liver, antianemic, anti-rheumatic, obesity control, diabetes, hepatitis and gastroenteritis. Samples of two different populations of plants were collected in a privet property in Paty do Alferes district (Rio de Janeiro State) in 11/2010, and dried at room temperature (28ºC +-2)...
Vellozia pusilla Pohl is a species of the botanic family Velloziaceae that occurs in the subtropical regions of South America and, although it lives under conditions of high solar irradiation and low water availability, shows great longevity. The methanol extract of roots, stem and leaf sheaths of this species showed an antitumoral activity through the inhibition of the enzyme Topoisomerase I when analyzed by an in vitro bioassay employing DNA repair or recombination deficient mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the evaluation of the effect of Vellozia pusilla methanol extract on the labeling of RBC, blood of mice was treated with 99mTc tracer solutions. The percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) bound to plasma (P) and blood cells (BC) was determined. The %ATI in the insoluble fraction of plasma (IF) was also evaluate, and the results showed that there was a decrease in %ATI in this fraction that represents the plasmatic proteins.
Vellozia pusilla Pohl é uma espécie de planta da família Velloziaceae que ocorre em regiões subtropicais da América do Sul e, apesar de viver sob condições de alta incidência solar e baixa disponibilidade de água, apresenta grande longevidade. O extrato metanólico das raízes, caule e folhas desta espécie apresentou atividade antitumoral através da inibição da enzima Topoisomerase I quando utilizado o bioensaio in vitro que emprega cepas mutantes Saccharomyces cerevisiae que apresentam deficiência na reparação ou recombinação do DNA. Na avaliação do efeito do extrato metanólico de Vellozia pusilla na marcação dos elementos sangüíneos com tecnécio 99m, sangue de rato foi tratado com solução de 99mTc como traçador sendo determinado o percentual de radioatividade (%ATI) no plasma (P) e nas células vermelhas (BC). As frações solúvel e insolúvel do plasma também foram avaliadas. Os resultados mostraram que houve um decréscimo de %ATI na fração insolúvel do plasma que é representada pelas proteínas plasmáticas
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