Effects of current density on nanostructure and light emitting properties of porous silicon (PS) samples were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), gravimetric method, Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. FE-SEM images have shown that below 60 mA/cm 2 , macropore and mesopore arrays, exhibiting rough morphology, are formed together, whose pore diameter, pore depth and porosity are about 265-760 nm, 58-63 µm and 44-61%, respectively. However, PS samples prepared above 60 mA/cm 2 display smooth and straight macropore arrays, with pore diameter ranging from 900-1250 nm, porosity of 61-80% and pore depth between 63-69 µm. Raman analyses have shown that when the current density is increased from 10 mA/cm 2 to 100 mA/cm 2 , Raman peaks of PS samples shift to lower wavenumbers by comparison to crystalline silicon (c-Si). The highest Raman peak shift is found to be 3.2 cm −1 for PS sample, prepared at 90 mA/cm 2 , which has the smallest nanocrystallite size, about 5.2 nm. This sample also shows a pronounced PL, with the highest blue shifting, of about 12 nm. Nanocrystalline silicon, with the smallest nanocrystallite size, confirmed by our Raman analyses using microcrystal model (MCM), should be responsible for both the highest Raman peak shift and PL blue shift due to quantum confinement effect (QCE).
PurposeThere are many studies investigating people’s eating habits during the COVID-19 period, and people have been encouraged to eat healthier. Healthy nutrition is made possible by making healthy food choices and food labels are one of the tools that help consumers make healthy food choices. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumers’ food label reading behaviours and their level of trust in food labels.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,012 adults aged 18–65 years from seven different regions of Turkey. Participants’ food label reading behaviours and their trust in food label information were assessed using an online questionnaire, and COVID-19 fear scores were determined using the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S).FindingsAlthough not statistically significant, participants’ rate of reading food labels increased during the pandemic (65.6% vs 68.7%, p = 0.078). On the contrary, trust in label information decreased significantly (52.1% vs 43.9%, p < 0.001). In addition, increased COVID-19 fear was associated with an increased rate of food label reading and decreased trust in the label information (p < 0.001).Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the study’s cross-sectional nature, the authors cannot provide a causal link between COVID-19 fear and food label reading behaviours and trust in food label information. However, it is difficult to investigate this causal link due to difficulties in studies of consumer behaviour and food choice (e.g. multifactorial effects and complexity). Second, because the present study’s findings were based on self-report data, there may be a risk of resource bias. Nevertheless, the authors think that this study will shed light on future studies as it is the first time that the COVID-19 pandemic has investigated consumers’ food label reading habits and their trust in food labels.Practical implicationsConsidering the pandemic as an opportunity to change consumer behaviour, it may be useful to provide food label reading education to consumers, especially during this period. In addition, the information given on the label should be clear and understandable for a better understanding of the food label information. Furthermore, it may be beneficial to conduct food inspections more frequently and share the results with the public to increase consumers’ trust in food labels. Moreover, as the food system shifts towards a “new normal”, it is critical for policymakers to understand the changes in consumer perceptions, preferences and trust in foods.Originality/valueCOVID-19 fear affected consumers’ food label reading behaviours. As far as the authors know, there is no study about the effects of COVID-19 on consumers’ food label reading behaviours.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, diyetisyen tarafından verilen kapsamlı bir tamamlayıcı beslenme eğitiminin annelerin bilgi düzeyi ve tamamlayıcı beslenme uygulamaları üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Bireyler ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya henüz tamamlayıcı beslenmeye başlamamış 3-5 aylık bebeği olan 83 anne dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar eğitim grubu (n=42 anne ve bebek) ve kontrol grubu (n=41 anne ve bebek) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında sosyo-demografik özellikler ve tamamlayıcı beslenme konusundaki bilgi düzeyine yönelik soruları içeren anket formu kullanılmıştır. Eğitim grubundaki annelere ilk görüşmede tamamlayıcı beslenme hakkında bilgisayar destekli bir eğitim ve bilgilendirici bir kitapçık verilmiştir. Kontrol grubundaki anneler ise rutin poliklinik izlemlerinde bilgilendirilmiş ve poliklinikte kullanılmakta olan broşür verilmiştir. Anneler tamamlayıcı beslenmeye başladıklarında yapılan 2. görüşmede annelerin tamamlayıcı beslenmeye başlama nedenleri ve bebeklerine ilk olarak verdikleri tamamlayıcı besinler sorgulanmıştır. Tamamlayıcı beslenmeye başladıktan 3 ay sonra yapılan 3. görüşmede ise tamamlayıcı beslenme bilgi düzeyine yönelik sorular tekrarlanmıştır.
Bulgular: Eğitim grubundaki annelerin tamamlayıcı beslenme bilgi düzeyi puanlarının kontrol grubundan daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (eğitim: 20.0, kontrol: 14.0 puan, p<0.001). Ayrıca eğitim grubundaki annelerin tamamlayıcı beslenme bilgi düzeyi puanlarının ilk görüşmeye göre 3. görüşmede anlamlı şekilde arttığı belirlenmiştir (ilk görüşme: 13.0, 3. görüşme: 20.0 puan, p<0.001). Ek olarak eğitim grubunda tamamlayıcı beslenmeye 6. ayda başlayan annelerin oranının kontrol grubundan daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür (eğitim: %64.3, kontrol: %17.1, p<0.001). Eğitim grubunda tamamlayıcı besinlere tuz ve şeker ekleme oranı da kontrol grubundan daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Annelerin tamamlayıcı beslenme konusunda bilgi düzeylerinin artırılması ve yanlış uygulamaların önlenmesi için çocuk sağlığı izlemlerinde uygun süre ayrılarak, görsel sunularla birlikte yazılı bilgi notlarının kullanılması önemlidir.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.