ResumoObjetivo: esta revisão visa fornecer aos pediatras, neurologistas infantis e psiquiatras infantis noções atualizadas sobre a relação entre desempenho escolar e transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH). Fonte de dados: revisão abrangente não-sistemática da literatura médica sobre a relação entre desempenho escolar e TDAH. Síntese de dados: os dados da literatura demonstram que o TDAH, principalmente o tipo desatento está relacionado a mau desempenho escolar. Conclusões: crianças com TDAH estão sob risco de mau-desempenho escolar e devem receber cuidados especiais.Palavras-chave: Transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, baixo rendimento escolar, criança, adolescente. AbstractObjective: This review aims at providing Pediatricians, Pediatric Neurologists and Psychiatrists an update on the relationship between scholar achievement and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Sources: Data was obtained by a comprehensive, non-systematic review of medical literature. Summary of the findings: Data obtained from literature shows that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, specially inattentive subtype, is related to underachievement. Conclusions: Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are at risk for underachievement and must receive special care. Key-words: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, underachievement, child, adolescent. School Achievement and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderIntrodução O transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) repercute na vida da criança e do adolescente levando a prejuízos em múltiplas áreas, como a adaptação ao ambiente acadêmico, relações interpessoais e desempenho escolar (Arnold e Jensen, 1995;Barkley, 1996). Estes são denominados sintomas não-cardinais do TDAH, ou seja, embora não imprescindíveis para o diagnóstico, freqüentemente, fazem parte das queixas do portador (Mercugliano 1999). As repercussões do mau desempenho escolar (MDE) na vida do aluno com TDAH,

The prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities in this sample is similar to that observed in the literature.

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Nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) has been shown to have antiproliferative, differentiative, or apoptotic effects on some types of tumor cells, whereas in others it may have mitogenic activity. The immunohistochemical distribution of NGF-R was analyzed in a series of tissue samples from breast cancer patients and its relationship with other clinical and pathological parameters was studied. The distribution of NGF-R was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in frozen tissue samples of 46 breast cancer patients (ME20-4 monoclonal anti-NGF-R). NGF-R immunoreactivity was localized in the plasma membrane of myoepithelial cells, differentiated ducts, neoplastic cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers in 26 patients (57%). Less differentiated neoplastic tissues were usually NGF-R negative. NGF-R immunoreactivity was associated with estrogen receptor (ER) status (p = 0.02), small tumor dimension (pT) (p = 0.04), low histologic grade (G1-G2) (p < 0.05), old age (p = 0.02), menopause (p = 0.02), and long disease-free survival (DFS) (median follow up 86 months; p = 0.03; independently from ER, pT, age, menopause by multivariate analysis, p = 0.0078). The expression of NGF-R immunoreactivity by breast cancer patients with long DFS may represent a crucial step both in the differentiation status of neoplasia and in the host immune mechanism controlling tumor growth and metastasization.

Abnormalities in the white matter microstructure of the attentional system have been implicated in the aetiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology that has increasingly been used in studies of white matter microstructure in the brain. The main objective of this work was to perform an exploratory analysis of white matter tracts in a sample of children with ADHD versus typically developing children (TDC). For this purpose, 13 drug-naive children with ADHD of both genders underwent MRI using DTI acquisition methodology and tract-based spatial statistics. The results were compared to those of a sample of 14 age- and gender-matched TDC. Lower fractional anisotropy was observed in the splenium of the corpus callosum, right superior longitudinal fasciculus, bilateral retrolenticular part of the internal capsule, bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, left external capsule and posterior thalamic radiation (including right optic radiation). We conclude that white matter tracts in attentional and motor control systems exhibited signs of abnormal microstructure in this sample of drug-naive children with ADHD.

Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 may affect both central and peripheral nervous systems. Unlike in adults, in whom majority of severe cases derive from respiratory complications, neurological involvement is one of the main causes of severe COVID-19 in children. This study aimed to detect viral respiratory pathogens, mainly SARS-CoV-2, in nasopharynx and cerebrospinal fluid samples utilizing qRT-PCR (TaqMan) in a pediatric population in Brazil. We evaluated four children with neurological symptoms and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: three presenting with meningoencephalitis and one presenting with Guillain-Barré syndrome. All four patients had mild respiratory symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was identified in two cerebrospinal fluid samples. SARS-CoV-2 involvement should be considered for differential diagnosis in pediatric cases presenting neurological alterations even if symptoms such as headache, anosmia, or dizziness are absent.

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Higher prevalence rates of anxiety and depression have been reported in parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The interaction between the burden of ADHD in offspring, a higher prevalence rate of this highly inherited disorder in parents, and comorbidities may explain this finding. Our objective was to investigate levels of ADHD, anxious and depressive symptomatology, and their relationship in parents of ADHD children from a non-clinical sample using a dimensional approach. The sample included 396 students enrolled in all eight grades of a public school who were screened for ADHD using the SNAP IV rating scale. Positive cases were confirmed through a semi-structured interview. Parents of all 26 ADHD students and 31 paired controls were enrolled. A sample of 36 parents of ADHD children (21 mothers, 15 fathers) and 30 parents of control children (18 mothers, 12 fathers) completed the Adult Self Report Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory in order to investigate anxious and depressive symptomatology. Probands' mothers presented a higher level of ADHD symptomatology (with only inattention being a significant cluster). Again, mothers of ADHD children presented higher depressive and anxiety levels; however, these did not correlate with their own ADHD symptomatology. Only trait-anxiety levels were higher in ADHD mothers. Our findings suggest that: 1) anxious and depressive symptoms might be more prevalent in mothers of ADHD students; 2) anxious and depressive symptomatology might be independent of impairment associated with ADHD symptoms; 3) anxious and depressive symptoms are independent of the presence of ADHD.