Defective brain hormonal signaling has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a disorder characterized by synapse and memory failure. Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine released upon cleavage of membrane-bound precursor protein FNDC5, also expressed in the hippocampus. Here we show that FNDC5/irisin levels are reduced in AD hippocampi and cerebrospinal fluid, and in experimental AD models. Knockdown of brain FNDC5/irisin impaired long-term potentiation and novel object recognition memory in mice. Conversely, boosting brain levels of FNDC5/irisin rescued synaptic plasticity and memory in AD mouse models. Peripheral overexpression of FNDC5/irisin rescued memory impairment, whereas blockade of either peripheral or brain FNDC5/irisin attenuated the neuroprotective actions of physical exercise on synaptic plasticity and memory in AD mice. By showing that FNDC5/irisin is an important mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise in AD models, our findings place FNDC5/irisin as a novel agent capable of opposing synapse failure and memory impairment in AD.

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O instrumento SNAP-IV foi desenvolvido para avaliação de sintomas do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade em crianças e adolescentes. Pode ser preenchido por pais ou professores e emprega os sintomas listados no Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais (DSM-IV) para transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (critério A) e transtorno desafiador e de oposição (TDO). OBJETIVOS: Elaborar uma versão em português, para uso no Brasil, do SNAP-IV utilizado no Multimodal Treatment Assessment Study. MÉTODO: Foi empregada uma metodologia de tradução, retrotradução, avaliação de equivalência semântica, sondagem na população-alvo e escolha de versão final. RESULTADOS: Após as etapas de tradução e retrotradução, 20 itens foram considerados semelhantes, seis foram considerados aproximados, e cinco, diferentes da sua versão original em inglês. A versão final foi escolhida após diversas considerações, incluindo a semelhança com o original, a facilidade de compreensão e a maior equivalência dos termos em diferentes regiões sociogeográficas do Brasil. CONCLUSÃO: A versão em português do SNAP-IV obtida permitirá um rastreio de sintomas de transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade e transtorno desafiador e de oposição de modo correspondente à versão original.

Ha habido interés en saber si la gente con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) están en mayor riesgo de desarrollar un Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el tamaño de esta asociación con un meta-análisis de los estudios. Métodos: Recuperamos estudios de una amplia gama base de datos,  que siguen los lineamientos PRISMA. Resultados: Doce estudios encajaron con nuestro objetivo primario de investigar los TCA en poblaciones con TDAH (TDAH = 4,013/Controles = 29,404), y 5 exploraron TDAH en poblaciones con TCA (TCA = 1,044/Controles = 11,292). El odds ratio (OR) agrupado de diagnosticar cualquier TCA en el TDAH se incrementó significativamente, 3.82 (95% CI:2.34-6.24). Un nivel de riesgo similar fue encontrado en todos los síndromes de TCA [Anorexia Nervosa = 4.28 (95% CI:2.24-8.16); Bulimia Nervosa = 5.71 (95% CI:3.56-9.16) y Trastorno por Atracón = 4.13 (95% CI: 3-5.67)]. El riesgo fue significativamente mayor si el TDAH fue diagnosticado utilizando una entrevista clínica [5.89 (95% CI:4.32-8.04)] en lugar de un instrumento de auto-reporte [2.23 (95% CI:1.23-4.03)]. El odds ratio (OR) agrupado de diagnosticar TDAH en participantes con TCA fue significativamente incrementado, 2.57 (95% CI:1.30-5.11). El análisis de los subgrupos de cohort con atracones solamente produjo un riesgo de 5.77 (95% CI:2.35-14.18). Ninguna de las variables examinadas en los procedimientos de meta-regresión explicaron la varianza en el tamaño del efecto entre los estudios. Discusión: La gente con TDAH tiene un mayor riesgo de comorbilidad con un TCA y la gente con un TCA también tiene niveles altos de comorbilidad con TDAH. Los estudios futuros deberán abordar si los pacientes con esta comorbilidad tienen diferente pronóstico, curso y respuesta a tratamiento cuando son comparados con pacientes que solamente tienen uno de los trastornos.  © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016) © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:1045-1057).

Objective:The aim of this study was to assess executive functions of obese individuals with binge eating disorder. Method: Thirty-eight obese individuals with binge eating disorder were compared to thirty-eight obese controls without binge eating disorder in terms of their executive functions. All individuals were assessed using the following instruments: Digit Span, Trail Making Tests A and B, Stroop Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. In addition, four subtests from the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome Battery were also used, namely the Zoo Map Test, the Modified Six Elements Test, the Action Program Test and the Rule Shift Cards Test. Results: When compared to obese controls, obese individuals with binge eating disorder presented significant impairment in the following tests: Digit Span backward, Zoo Map Test, Modified Six Elements Test, and Action Program Test. Subjects with binge eating disorder also showed significant more set shifting and perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. In other measures such as the Digit Span Forward, the Trail Making Test, the Stroop Test and the Rule Shift Cards Test, obese subjects with binge eating disorder did not differ significantly from obese subjects without binge eating disorder. Conclusion: These results suggest that, in the present sample, obese individuals with binge eating disorder presented executive deficits, especially impairments relating to problem-solving, cognitive flexibility and working memory.

We conducted a rapid review and quantitative summary of meta-analyses that have examined interventions which can be used by individuals during quarantine and social distancing to manage anxiety, depression, stress, and subjective well-being. A literature search yielded 34 meta-analyses (total number of studies k = 1,390, n = 145,744) that were summarized. Overall, self-guided interventions showed small to medium effects in comparison to control groups. In particular, self-guided therapeutic approaches (including cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, and acceptance-based interventions), selected positive psychology interventions, and multi-component and activity-based interventions (music, physical exercise) showed promising evidence for effectiveness. Overall, self-guided interventions on average did not show the same degree of effectiveness as traditional guided individual or group therapies. There was no consistent evidence of dose effects, baseline differences, and differential effectiveness of eHealth interventions. More research on the effectiveness of interventions in diverse cultural settings is needed.

Language batteries used to assess the skills of elderly individuals, such as naming and semantic verbal fluency, present some limitations in differentiating healthy controls from patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI). Deficits in narrative discourse occur early in dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the narrative discourse abilities of a-MCI patients are poorly documented. The present study sought to propose and evaluate parameters for investigating narrative discourse in these populations. After a pilot study of 30 healthy subjects who served as a preliminary investigation of macro- and micro-linguistic aspects, 77 individuals (patients with AD and a-MCI and a control group) were evaluated. The experimental task required the participants to narrate a story based on a sequence of actions visually presented. The Control and AD groups differed in all parameters except narrative time and the total number of words recalled. The a-MCI group displayed mild discursive difficulties that were characterized as an intermediate stage between the Control and AD groups' performances. The a-MCI and Control groups differed from the AD group with respect to global coherence, discourse type and referential cohesion. The a-MCI and AD groups were similar to one another but differed from the Control group with respect to the type of words recalled, the repetition of words in the same sentence, the narrative structure and the inclusion of irrelevant propositions in the narrative. The narrative parameter that best distinguished the three groups was the speech effectiveness index. The proposed task was able to reveal differences between healthy controls and groups with cognitive decline. According to our findings, patients with a-MCI already present narrative deficits that are characterized by mild discursive difficulties that are less severe than those found in patients with AD.

-In order to compare the use of a structured self-report questionnaire with direct questioning about memory problems, 71 healthy and independent aged individuals (63 women) from the community without risk factors for cognitive deficits were objectively asked about subjective memory complaints (SMC), given the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q) and then submitted to the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). SMC positively correlated with higher scores on MAC-Q, although a significant percentage of the sample had SMC and lower scores on MAC-Q and also no SMC and higher scores on MAC-Q. Performance on RAVLT was significantly worse (p<0.05) for the group presenting SMC but not for the group with higher scores on the MAC-Q. We conclude that direct questioning maybe more clinically significant than a self report questionnaire, at least for elderly persons from the community without risk factors for cognitive decline or depression.KEY WORDS: memory, cognition, ageing, neuropsychological tests. Queixas de memória de idosos saudáveis e desempenho em testesRESUMO -Objetivando comparar o uso de questionário estruturado autopreenchido com o questionamento direto acerca de problemas de memória, 71 indivíduos idosos saudáveis (63 mulheres) da comunidade sem fatores de risco para déficits cognitivos foram perguntados acerca de queixas subjetivas de memória (SMC), submetidos ao Questionário de Queixas de Memória (MAC-Q) e ao Teste de Aprendizado Auditivo-Verbal de Rey (RAVLT). Embora a presença de SMC tenha se correlacionado com escores mais altos no MAC-Q, uma percentagem significativa da amostra obteve escores baixos apesar da presença de SMC, além da existência de indivíduos sem SMC com escores altos no MAC-Q. O desempenho no RAVLT foi significativamente pior no grupo com SMC (p<0,05) mas não no grupo com escores altos no MAC-Q. Concluimos que o questionamento direto pode ser mais significativo clinicamente que um questionário autopreenchido, ao menos para indivíduos idosos na comunidade sem fatores de risco para déficit cognitivo ou depressão.