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Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the most common pathogens leading to mastitis in dairy herds worldwide; consequently, the pathogen causes major economic losses for affected farmers. In this study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), genotypic capsular typing by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and virulence gene detection were performed to address the molecular epidemiology of 59 bovine (mastitis) S. agalactiae isolates from 36 dairy farms located in the largest milk-producing mesoregions in Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, and Pernambuco). We screened for the virulence genes bac, bca, bibA, cfb, hylB, fbsA, fbsB, PI-1, PI-2a, and PI-2b, which are associated with adhesion, invasion, tissue damage, and/or immune evasion. Furthermore, five capsular types were identified (Ia, Ib, II, III, and IV), and a few isolates were classified as non-typeable (NT). MLST revealed the following eight sequence types (STs): ST-61, ST-67, ST-103, ST-146, ST-226, ST-314, and ST-570, which were clustered in five clonal complexes (CC64, CC67, CC103, CC17, and CC314), and one singleton, ST-91. Among the virulence genes screened in this study, PI-2b, fbsB, cfb, and hylB appear to be the most important during mastitis development in cattle. Collectively, these results establish the molecular epidemiology of S. agalactiae isolated from cows in Brazilian herds. We believe that the data presented here provide a foundation for future research aimed at developing and implementing new preventative and treatment options for mastitis caused by S. agalactiae.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação parasitológica em amostras de alface (Lactuca sativa) comercializadas em Lavras, MG. As amostras de alfaces apresentaram baixos padrões higiênicos, indicados pela presença de formas parasitológicas de origem animal ou humana e alta concentração de coliformes fecais. Palavras-chaves: Hortaliças. Alface. Parasitas intestinais. Coliformes fecais.Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the parasitological contamination in samples of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) commercialized in Lavras city, Minas Gerais. The samples of lettuce showed low hygienic conditions, indicated by the presence of parasites of animal or human origin and high concentration of fecal coliforms.

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Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca is a serious and complex problem that accounts for high economic losses in the dairy industry. The main objective of this study was to identify and characterize at genetic level different Prototheca strains and provide the most complete data about protothecal antibiotic resistance. The study involves 46 isolates from Italian (13 strains) and Brazilian (33 strains) mastitic milk. These strains were identified by multiplex PCR and single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and characterized by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. Moreover, biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility were evaluated. Forty-two strains resulted as Prototheca zopfii genotype 2, whereas 4 isolates could belong to a potential new Prototheca species. The RAPD-PCR, performed with 3 primers (M13, OPA-4, and OPA-18), showed a notable heterogeneity among isolates and grouped the strains according to the species and geographical origin. Biofilm production was species-dependent and P. zopfii genotype 2 strains were classified as strong biofilm producers. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that Prototheca strains were susceptible to antibacterial drugs belonging to aminoglycosides group; the highest activity against Prototheca strains was observed in the case of colistin sulfate, gentamicin, and netilmicin (100% of susceptible strains). It is interesting to note that all the Italian P. zopfii genotype 2 strains showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration values than the Brazilian ones. Nisin showed more efficacy than lysozyme and potassium sorbate, inhibiting 31% of the strains. Results obtained in this study confirmed that RAPD-PCR is a rapid, inexpensive, and highly discriminating tool for Prototheca strains characterization and could give a good scientific contribution for better understanding the protothecal mastitis in dairy herd.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) destaca-se como um dos agentes etiológicos mais frequentes da mastite bovina, que causa os maiores prejuízos econômicos à pecuária leiteira brasileira. Visando avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade deste agente aos antimicrobianos, 352 isolados provenientes de 35 rebanhos leiteiros localizados em Minas Gerais foram submetidos a testes de antibiograma, utilizando-se a técnica de difusão em disco. Nitrofurantoína, bem como as associações de neomicina, bacitracina e tetraciclina (NBT) e penicilina, nafcilina e dihidroestreptomicina (PND), apresentaram 100% de eficiência in vitro. Foram verificados baixos índices de resistência no grupo das cefalosporinas, com valores de 0, 0,28 e 0,40% para cefquimona, cefalotina e ceftiofur, respectivamente. Entre os aminoglicosídeos, observou-se 1,69% de resistência para gentamicina e 3,35% para a neomicina. O maior índice de resistência foi observado para polimixina B (82%), seguido pelos betalactâmicos, ampicilina e penicilina, com índices de resistência de 80,92 e 80,45%, respectivamente. Níveis intermediários de resistência foram observados para tetraciclina, lincomicina, cefoperazona e sulfazotrim. Entre os isolados testados, 65 (18,15%), oriundos de 24 dentre os 35 rebanhos estudados, apresentaram multirresistência (índice MAR ≥ 0,2). Os resultados apontaram grande variação nos perfis de resistência aos antimicrobianos, assim como a ocorrência de múltipla resistência entre algumas cepas estudadas, salientando a necessidade de testes de antibiograma para a escolha dos antimicrobianos mais adequados para o tratamento ou prevenção de mastite causada por S. aureus.