Atmospheric pressure plasmas have been ground-breaking for plasma science and technologies, due to their significant application potential in many fields, including medicinal, biological, and environmental applications. This is predominantly due to their efficient production and delivery of chemically reactive species under ambient conditions. One of the challenges in progressing the field is comparing plasma sources and results across the community and the literature. To address this a reference plasma source was established during the ‘biomedical applications of atmospheric pressure plasmas’ EU COST Action MP1101. It is crucial that reference sources are reproducible. Here, we present the reproducibility and variance across multiple sources through examining various characteristics, including: absolute atomic oxygen densities, absolute ozone densities, electrical characteristics, optical emission spectroscopy, temperature measurements, and bactericidal activity. The measurements demonstrate that the tested COST jets are mainly reproducible within the intrinsic uncertainty of each measurement technique.
Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets (CAPJs) are an emerging technology for the localised treatment of heat sensitive surfaces. Adding humidity to the CAPJ's feed gas yields an effective production of highly reactive intermediate species, such as hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, and hydroxyl radicals, among others, which are key species for biomedical applications. This study focusses on the effluent of the CAPJ kINPen, which was operated with argon feed gas and a humidity admixture of 3000 ppm, while a gas curtain was used to limit the diffusion of ambient air into the effluent. The axial and radial density distribution of O and H atoms is measured by means of picosecond two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (ps-TALIF). A maximum O atom density of (3.8 ± 0.7) • 10 15 cm −3 and a maximum H atom density of (3.5 ± 0.7) • 10 15 cm −3 are found at the nozzle of the plasma jet.The experimental results are compared to a two-dimensional reacting flow model that is coupled with a local zero-dimensional plasma chemical model. With this model, the main H and O atom production mechanisms are determined to be the dissociation
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive, inexpensive and unobtrusive method to achieve heart rate monitoring during physical exercises. Motion artifacts during exercise challenge the heart rate estimation from wrist-type PPG signals. This paper presents a methodology to overcome these limitation by incorporating acceleration information. The proposed algorithm consisted of four stages: (1) A wavelet based denoising, (2) an acceleration based denoising, (3) a frequency based approach to estimate the heart rate followed by (4) a postprocessing step. Experiments with different movement types such as running and rehabilitation exercises were used for algorithm design and development. Evaluation of our heart rate estimation showed that a mean absolute error 1.96 bpm (beats per minute) with standard deviation of 2.86 bpm and a correlation of 0.98 was achieved with our method. These findings suggest that the proposed methodology is robust to motion artifacts and is therefore applicable for heart rate monitoring during sports and rehabilitation.
In this paper, we present different types of integrators for electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) methods. While the integrator is an important tool of the PIC methods, it is necessary to characterize the different conservation approaches of the integrators, e.g. symplecticity, energy-or charge-conservation. We discuss the different principles, e.g. composition, filtering, explicit and implicit ideas.While, particle in cell methods are well-studied, the combination between the different parts, i.e. pusher, solver and approximations are hardly to analyze. we concentrate on choosing the optimal pusher component, with respect to conservation and convergence behavior.We discuss oscillations of the pusher component, strong external magnetic fields and optimal conservation of energy and momentum.The algorithmic ideas are discussed and numerical experiments compare the exactness of the different schemes.An outlook to overcome the different error components is discussed in the future works.
Over 6 billion individuals have a smartphone and most of them use it multiple times every day. Research has found various associations of smartphone use with a range of physical, psychological and performance dimensions. It seems that negative relationships are attributed to mindless use of smartphones while deliberate consumption even shows positive associations. Here, we test one sec, an app that is installed by the user in order to reduce the mindless use of a certain “target app” (e.g., social media) on the smartphone. One sec works by using friction, namely, when attempting to open the target app, it opens a pop-up first, which includes a short breathing exercise. We tested the app by collecting behavioral user data about those opening attempts for 280 participants, who were using one sec for six weeks, and conducted two surveys before and after the intervention span. One sec helped participants reduce their target app usage in two ways. First, on average in 36% of the times participants attempted opening a target app, they closed that app again after they saw the one sec pop-up. Second, over the course of six weeks, users did reduce attempting to open the target app in the first place,, resulting in 37% less overall attempts. In sum, one sec decreased the actual opening of target apps by 57% after six consecutive weeks. Participants reported spending less time with their apps and being happier with their app use after six weeks of using one sec. Importantly, users seemed to also use their apps more deliberately by self-reporting their app consumption to be less problematic.
Übermäßige Smartphone-Nutzung kann negative Effekte auf die physische und mentale Gesundheit haben. Dabei kommt es allerdings darauf an, ob die Nutzung automatisch oder geplant und bewusst ist. Die App one sec interveniert beim Öffnen von Smartphone-Apps, um den automatischen Konsum zu reduzieren. In den Anwendungsbereich von one sec fallen soziale Medien, News, Spiele, Dating-Apps, Video-Streaming und auch Pornografie. In einer Studie der Universität Heidelberg und des Max-Planck-Instituts für Bildungsforschung Berlin zeigt sich, dass one sec die App-Öffnungen von Nutzer*innen in nur 6 Wochen um 57% reduziert.
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