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Ginger had been reported to ameliorate painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) in an animal model. Gingerol and shogaol were active compounds of ginger that potentially act on transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), a key receptor in PDN. This study aims to predict the binding of gingerol and shogaol to TRPV1 using an in silico model. The ligands of the docking study were 3 chemical compounds of each gingerol and shogaol, i.e. 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol, 6-gingerol, 8 gingerol and 10-gingerol. Capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, was used as a native ligand. The TRPV1 structure was taken from Protein Data Bank (ID 3J9J). The docking analysis was performed using Autodock Vina. The result showed that among the ginger active compounds, 6-shogaol had the strongest binding energy (-7.10 kcal/mol) to TRPV1. The 6-shogaol lacked the potential hydrogen bond to Ile265 of TRPV1 protein, which capsacin had. However, it's binding energy towards TRPV1 was not significantly different compared to capsaicin. Therefore, 6-shogaol had potential to be developed as a treatment for PDN.

Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract and fractions from red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) has been done. Red gingers contain the highest oleoresins among other ginger varieties. Oleoresins are component that had the most responsibility for pharmacological effect of red ginger, one of them is as antioxidant. Phenolic and flavonoid are highly contributing to the antioxidant effect of red ginger. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant capacity of extract and fractions of red ginger, and to investigate the correlation between antioxidant capacity with both total phenolic and total flavonoid. Ethanolic extracts are fractinationed with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol solvent. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of all the samples are measured. Highest antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid obtained from ethyl acetate fraction with TEAC 2143.9 ± 0.9 µmol/g (CUPRAC) and 4526.4 ± 3.0 (DPPH), GAE 229.9 ± 1.3 mg/g, and QE 46,6 ± 1,8 mg/g. One way ANOVA and post hoc analysis show significant result with p value <0,01. Pearson correlation shows high positive correlation. Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant capacity from ethanolic extract and fractions of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) has been done.Red ginger contain the highest oleoresins among other ginger varieties. Oleoresins are component that had the most responsibility for pharmacological effect of red ginger, one of them is as antioxidant. Phenolic and flavonoid are highly contribute to the antioxidant effect of red ginger. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant capacity of extract and fractions of red ginger, and to investigate the correlation between antioxidant capacity with both total phenolic and total flavonoid. Ethanolic extracts are fractinationed with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol solvent.

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is one of plants that initially only used for cooking. Based on the research by Wolski, et al., 2002, celery contains chemical compound such as tannins and polyphenols. Tannins may be useful as an anti-diarrheal because of the adstringent effect. This study aims to determine the antidiarrheals activity of celery leaf in male mice strain Balb-C that was induced by castor oil. The ethanolic extract of celery leaves divided into three dose group (5,10 and 20 mg/kgBW). This research was done by two methods, protection of castor oil induced diarrhea and intestinal transit. After five hours treatment, frequency of defecation, number of soft/liquid feses and weight of stools were calculated. The gastrointestinal transit rate was expressed as the percentage of longest distance traversed by the charcoal divided by the total length of the small intestine.From the protection of castor oil induced diarrhea method, ethanol extract of celery 20 mg/20gBW doses decrease frequency of defecation, quantity of the soft / liquid stool and weight of stool after 5 hours treatment in male mice that had been induced by castor oil. The effectiveness of ethanol extract 20mg/20gBW dose equivalent to loperamid 0.06mg/20gBW (one way anova test at the α = 95%). Besides, the ethanol extract of celery can prolong intestinal transit of mice, but lower than loperamid 0.06mg/20g (one-way anova test at the α = 95%).

Ginger was reported to have a suppressive effect on pain in patients with Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN). Our latest study revealed that 6-shogaol, one of the ginger components, had the best affinity in the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a key receptor in PDN). Paradol, which obtained from gingerol and shogaol metabolism, also had potent activities in several diseases, compared to the other derivatives of gingerol and shogaol. However, shogaol and paradol is very similar in chemical structure with only different in one double bond in 4-5 position. Until now there is no explanation about paradol mechanism in TRPV1. Based on this, our study was designed to predict the activity of 6-paradol and its derivatives to TRPV1 as target receptor in PDN using in-silico model. 2-paradol, 4-paradol, 6-paradol, 8-paradol and 10-paradol were used as ligands. Capsaisin, the agonist of TRPV1, was used as a native ligand in this study. TRPV1 was obtained from protein data bank (PDB). Ligand bond prediction and affinity was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker. The results showed 2-paradol, 4-paradol, 6-paradol, 8-paradol and 10- paradol had good affinity against TRPV1. These result indicated that 6-paradol and the derivatives had potential as a drug compound for PDN therapy.Keywords: ginger, 6-paradol, painful diabetic neuropathy, trpv1.

Background: Chronic pain treatment until now is still challenging because of its complex pathopgysiology. Previously, red ginger oil (RGO) reduced pain behavior in a mouse model of chronic pain, but the mechanisms were unclear. Objectives: This study examined the effect of RGO on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) using inflammatory- or neuropathy-induced chronic pain in mice. Methods: Red ginger was distilled with composition 1:2 using water. The acute toxicity of RGO was evaluated using OECD guidelines 423. Chronic pain was induced in 48 mice by either (1) intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (inflammatory group) or (2) partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) (neuropathy group). After seven days, mice were randomly divided into sham, CFA/PSNL, or RGO (at doses of 100, 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg) treatment groups. Treatments were given orally once daily until day 14. On day 15, mice were euthanized, and the brains and spinal cords were removed and fixed in 10% formalin. Hyperalgesia behavior was evaluated using hot plate test. Spinal cord morphology was analyzed via hematoxylin and eosin staining. COX-2 and NMDAR expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: RGO treatment improved spinal cord morphology after the induction of chronic pain. RGO at 600 mg/kg also reduced COX-2 expression in the spinal cord and brain, and reduced NMDAR2B in the spinal cord. However, RGO at 600 mg/kg increased NMDAR2A expression in the spinal cord. Conclusions: RGO administration diminished hyperalgesia in chronic pain models through inhibition of COX-2 and NMDAR2B.

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AbstrakJumlah penderita kanker kolon yang tinggi mendorong penelitian akan pengobatan yang lebih efektif dan mengurangi efek samping dari pengobatan masa kini, salah satunya adalah dengan pengobatan secara herbal. Kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao) memiliki kandungan pektin yang diketahui dapat menekan pertumbuhan sel kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi aktivitas antikanker kolon dari pektin kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao) pada tikus yang diinduksi dengan 7,12-dimethylbenzen(α)anthrasena (DMBA) dengan dosis 20 mg/kgBB. Tikus dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok yaitu kelompok I kontrol negatif, kelompok II pektin dosis 8 mg/kgBB, kelompok III pektin dosis12 mg/kgBB, dan kelompok IV pektin dosis 16 mg/kgBB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dosis uji tertinggi, yaitu 16 mg/kgBB memberikan aktivitas terbaik dalam memulihkan kembali sel goblet yang rusak akibat induksi dari senyawa karsinogen. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pektin kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao) memiliki potensi aktivitas antikanker kolon pada dosis uji.Kata kunci: DMBA, kulit buah kakao, pektin, sel goblet AbstractThe high incident of patient with colon cancer, promotes the research for more effective treatments and reduce side effects of treatment today, one of them is with herbal treatment. Cacao pod husk (Theobroma cacao) has a pectin which is known to suppress the growth of cancer cells. This study aims to determine the potential anticancer activity of the extract cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao) in the colon of rat induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzen (α) anthrasena (DMBA) at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The rat were grouped into four groups: group I as control negative, group II given diet pectin dose of 8 mg/kgBW, group III given diet pectin dose 12 mg/kgBW, and group IV given diet pectin dose 16 mg/kgBW. The results showed the pectin dose 16 mg/kgBW, the highest dose gives the best activity to recovering goblet cell that damaged by induction of compound carcinogens. Thus it can be concluded that cacao pod husk (Theobroma cacao) has potential anticancer activity of the colon at that dose.