Objective: Shortages of medicinal products are complex global problems. Drug shortages remain a significant public health issue. Global shortages of medical products have a potential effect on patient health and total healthcare costs. Countries worldwide, especially those affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is experiencing a rapid increase in drug shortage, which causes several complications for physicians, health care provider, patients, health institutes and health regulatory bodies. Methods: To carry out the study of shortages, several efforts have been taken by the regulators and industries. Prominent amongst these include FDA's research the needs and the reforms made in the regulations about shortages. We also searched for electronic databases (PubMed, Science direct, Web of Science) using the terms (COVID-19 and shortage) or (medicine and COVID-19) for articles in periods of 2019 to 2021. Results: On assessment based on the report, the number of shortage drugs in 2020 is 835; Anesthesia drugs are highest during the COVID-19 outbreak data indicate the number of shortages is 143 in USA. It was found that generic products were mostly in short supply, with antimicrobial agents (63%) topping the list of therapeutic categories of medicines with interrupted supply, followed by oncology medicines (47%) and then anesthetic agents (38%) during COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Many steps have been taken to reduce the impact of a shortage of health care. Agencies like the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) has established guidelines and works with manufacturers and other partners to help prevent shortages. This article aims to the analysis the root cause of medicinal product shortages, their effects on the patient outcome, medication error, which occurs due to the substitution safe and effective therapies with alternative treatments, identify possible solutions and policies established to manage medicinal product shortages.

With a view to assess the suitability of mono-sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture using downstream flow from hills by observing their growth, survival and production in watershed pond, an experiment was carried out in a commercial aquaculture farm Mrittika Fisheries, Odolia, Hathazary, Chittagong. The duration of {each} culture period was 4 months. Stocking densities of the three culture ponds were same as, 10 individuals/m 2. All the fish were of same age group having mean body weight about 1.2 gm. A commercial pellet feeds were used at the rate of 20% of body weight during first 15 days and then the feeding rate was reduced to 18%, 15%, 12%, 10%, 8%, 6%, and 5%, receptively with 15 days interval and the measured survival rate of fish was 84.33%, 77%, 72.33%, 69%, 66.33%, 65%, 63.67%, and 62.67% receptively in 15 days interval. From the economic analysis it was found that the net profit accrued out of the three ponds (1.20 hector) was (BDR=Bangladeshi Taka, 1 US$=81 BDT) BDT 547177.77, whilst the operational cost was BDT 700544.23, the rate of profit ratio obtained is 78.11% in comparison to the operational cost. The results of the specific study indicate that the culture of tilapia in the watershed ponds by using downstream water flow is exceedingly suitable even with the high stocking density. The resultant production was good with high profitability with less input of operational cost and reduced risk.

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Food, drugs, dyes, extracts, and minerals are all made up of complex elements, and utilizing unidimensional chromatography to separate them is inefficient and insensitive. This has sparked the invention of several linked chromatography methods, each of them with distinct separation principles and affinity for the analyte of interest. Multidimensional chromatography consists of the combination of multiple chromatography techniques, with great benefits at the level of efficiency, peak capacity, precision, and accuracy of the analysis, while reducing the time required for the analysis. Various coupled chromatography techniques have recently emerged, including liquid chromatography–gas chromatography (LC–GC), gas chromatography–gas chromatography (GC–GC), liquid chromatography–liquid chromatography (LC–LC), GCMS–MS, LCMS–MS, supercritical fluid techniques with chromatography techniques, and electro-driven multidimensional separation techniques. In this paper, the different coupled chromatography techniques will be discussed, along with their wide spectrum of applications for food, flavor, and environmental analysis, as well as their usefulness for the pharmaceutical, color, and dyes industries.

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Printed educational materials play an important part in the treatment of disease. The patient may use them as a reference at home or to enhance knowledge. The goal of this study was to use standard approaches, such as Baker Able Leaflet Design (BALD) and readability score, to the evaluation of patients' opinions on Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) for chronic kidney disease. Participate were enrolled randomly, and some were taken at a convenient time. The study spanned 1 year in a hospital in Assam, India. We compiled our Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) by referring to various sources of information and translating them into the Assamese language. With the help of the BALD assessment strategy and user rating, we compared our PILs with available PILs on the website and marketed them. The prepared leaflets scored "above standard" in BALD and readability evaluations, indicating that they are above the industry standard. since their average score was greater than 25, the layout and design. This shows that the issue is important from the patient's perspective, which may encourage them to read the PILs. Even though a larger percentage of Indian consumers cannot read or write English, many PILs are still written in the English language. Without considering the patient's reading levels and ensuring proper style and design, PILs may not be understood or used. Every company has to take this into account when creating leaflets and, at the absolute least, in some of the most important local languages in which PILs must be published.

The purpose of this research is to assess the anti-diabetic effects of several medicinal herbs. Herbal medicine has grown in popularity in both developing and developed countries over the last several years, owing to its natural origins and lack of negative effects. Even though medicinal plants have been utilized to treat diabetes mellitus from ancient times, they have been offered as abundant but untapped prospective sources for anti-diabetic medicines. It's a reality that diabetes can't be cured, and no one has ever claimed to be completely free of the disease. Diabetes mellitus is becoming a severe hazard to human health in all regions of the world due to its fast growing occurrence. Furthermore, several novel bioactive compounds derived from plants have demonstrated antidiabetic action with greater efficacy than oral hypoglycemic medicines already utilized in clinical therapy in recent years. Despite the fact that many plants are recommended, further pharmacological and chemical study is needed to fully understand the mechanism of hypoglycemic action.

Natural plants various metabolites are widely utilized in a different kind of infections and inflammation as traditional medication. The inflammatory response is a reaction always effects in daily life and physical issue and activity of herbal complex act through of blood vessels. Inflammation is a pathologic issue that incorporates a wide scope of sicknesses, for example rheumatic, diabetes, cardiovascular accident and chronic kidney disease. We present a few herbal spices which their metabolites that have been assessed in clinical and test. The review includes number of various herbal plants with their families, parts utilized, k concentrate utilized, bioassay models and their usages in medicinal activities.