Multidimensional Chromatography and Its Applications in Food Products, Biological Samples and Toxin Products: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Food, drugs, dyes, extracts, and minerals are all made up of complex elements, and utilizing unidimensional chromatography to separate them is inefficient and insensitive. This has sparked the invention of several linked chromatography methods, each of them with distinct separation principles and affinity for the analyte of interest. Multidimensional chromatography consists of the combination of multiple chromatography techniques, with great benefits at the level of efficiency, peak capacity, precision, and accuracy of the analysis, while reducing the time required for the analysis. Various coupled chromatography techniques have recently emerged, including liquid chromatography–gas chromatography (LC–GC), gas chromatography–gas chromatography (GC–GC), liquid chromatography–liquid chromatography (LC–LC), GCMS–MS, LCMS–MS, supercritical fluid techniques with chromatography techniques, and electro-driven multidimensional separation techniques. In this paper, the different coupled chromatography techniques will be discussed, along with their wide spectrum of applications for food, flavor, and environmental analysis, as well as their usefulness for the pharmaceutical, color, and dyes industries.

Lectin Purification through Affinity Chromatography Exploiting Macroporous Monolithic Adsorbents

“…More than 90% of the monolith is composed of water and only 10% is the gel phase, i.e., polymer with strongly joined water, so ice crystals play the role of porogenic models, that is, the shape and size of the crystals determine the shape and size of pores that develop during cryogen synthesis [68][69][70]. Vainerman [71] studied the formation dynamics of cryogels using freezing temperatures of −10 • C, −20 • C, and −30 • C and realized that at the temperature of −10 • C, the pores formed were higher [71]. This characteristic occurs because when higher temperatures are used in the cryogeleification process, freezing occurs more slowly, resulting in the development of larger ice crystals, and larger pores were formed when the higher temperature was used.…”

Immunosensors for Assay of Toxic Biological Warfare Agents

“…Various instrumental devices are available for the purpose, and accurate and sensitive assays of hazardous toxic materials are possible. Mass spectrometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, and immunochemical methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, can be standard analytical chemistry for toxins [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Although standard methods are available and fully applicable, they have disadvantages, such as the price of the device, cost per assay, and demands on staff and other laboratory equipment.…”

Editorial: The use of volatile compounds analysis for the assessment of food and beverage quality

“…One of the areas that has impacted on this field of research is the development of new and improved analytical techniques such as high resolution mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, ambient mass spectrometry ( 7 ), Direct mass spectrometry techniques such as selected ion flow tube—mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) ( 8 ), Proton Transfer reaction -Mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), SESI-MS ( 9 ) and multidimensional chromatographic techniques ( 10 ). A paper in the Research Topic uses tandem mass spectrometry to characterize volatile organic compounds in Allium species ( Qin et al ).…”